King James Version

What Does Exodus 34:20 Mean?

Exodus 34:20 in the King James Version says “But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. A... — study this verse from Exodus chapter 34 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty. lamb: or, kid

Exodus 34:20 · KJV


Context

18

The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt.

19

All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male. sheep: or, kid

20

But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty. lamb: or, kid

21

Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest.

22

And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end. year's end: Heb. revolution of the year


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Donkeys (חֲמוֹר, chamor), being unclean animals, could not be sacrificed but must be redeemed with a lamb or have their necks broken. The redemption price parallels human firstborn redemption—unclean man must be redeemed by a clean substitute (the Lamb of God, John 1:29). The command not to 'appear before me empty' requires bringing an offering, acknowledging God's provision and lordship.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Donkeys were valuable work animals in ancient Israel but ritually unclean (Lev 11:3-4). Breaking the neck wasted the animal if unredeemed, motivating redemption. The principle that no one should appear before God empty-handed governed festival worship (Deut 16:16).

Reflection Questions

  1. What does the redemption of the unclean donkey teach about Christ's substitutionary atonement?
  2. How do you 'appear before God' with thanksgiving and offerings rather than empty-handed?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 16 words
וּפֶ֤טֶר1 of 16

But the firstling

H6363

a fissure, i.e., (concretely) firstling (as opening the matrix)

חֲמוֹר֙2 of 16

of an ass

H2543

a male ass (from its dun red)

תִּפְדֶּ֔ה3 of 16

and if thou redeem

H6299

to sever, i.e., ransom; generally to release, preserve

בְשֶׂ֔ה4 of 16

with a lamb

H7716

a member of a flock, i.e., a sheep or goat

וְאִם5 of 16
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

לֹ֥א6 of 16
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

תִּפְדֶּ֔ה7 of 16

and if thou redeem

H6299

to sever, i.e., ransom; generally to release, preserve

וַֽעֲרַפְתּ֑וֹ8 of 16

him not then shalt thou break his neck

H6202

to break the neck; hence (figuratively) to destroy

כֹּ֣ל9 of 16
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

בְּכ֤וֹר10 of 16

All the firstborn

H1060

first-born; hence, chief

בָּנֶ֙יךָ֙11 of 16

of thy sons

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

תִּפְדֶּ֔ה12 of 16

and if thou redeem

H6299

to sever, i.e., ransom; generally to release, preserve

וְלֹֽא13 of 16
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

יֵרָא֥וּ14 of 16

And none shall appear

H7200

to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)

פָנַ֖י15 of 16

before

H6440

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi

רֵיקָֽם׃16 of 16

me empty

H7387

emptily; figuratively (objective) ineffectually, (subjective) undeservedly


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 34:20 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 34:20 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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