King James Version

What Does Exodus 1:13 Mean?

Exodus 1:13 in the King James Version says “And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour: — study this verse from Exodus chapter 1 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:

Exodus 1:13 · KJV


Context

11

Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses.

12

But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew. And they were grieved because of the children of Israel. But: Heb. And as they afflicted them, so they multiplied, etc

13

And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:

14

And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour.

15

And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah:


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour (וַיַּעֲבִדוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּפָרֶךְ, vaya'avidu Mitsrayim et-benei Yisra'el befarekh)—Rigour (פֶּרֶךְ, farekh) denotes brutal, crushing, ruthless oppression. This intensified cruelty follows the failure of forced labor to suppress population growth. The verb made to serve (עָבַד, avad) will become thematic in Exodus—Israel exchanges service to Pharaoh for service to YHWH (3:12, 4:23). The escalating harshness prepares for Israel's desperate cry (2:23) and God's compassionate response (2:24-25).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Egyptian sources rarely document harsh treatment of laborers, but archaeological evidence and comparative ancient Near Eastern practices confirm brutal conditions for state slaves. The Hebrew text's emphasis on "rigour" suggests treatment exceeding normal forced labor—deliberate cruelty intended to break the people.

Reflection Questions

  1. How do you maintain spiritual identity when external forces seek to crush your dignity and humanity?
  2. What does the escalation from forced labor to brutal oppression teach about the nature of sin and tyranny?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 6 words
וַיַּֽעֲבִ֧דוּ1 of 6

made

H5647

to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc

מִצְרַ֛יִם2 of 6

And the Egyptians

H4714

mitsrajim, i.e., upper and lower egypt

אֶת3 of 6
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

בְּנֵ֥י4 of 6

the children

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל5 of 6

of Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃6 of 6

with rigour

H6531

fracture, i.e., severity


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 1:13 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 1:13 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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