King James Version

What Does Ecclesiastes 2:11 Mean?

Ecclesiastes 2:11 in the King James Version says “Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all ... — study this verse from Ecclesiastes chapter 2 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun.

Ecclesiastes 2:11 · KJV


Context

9

So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.

10

And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour.

11

Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun.

12

And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath been already done. even: or, in those things which have been already done

13

Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness. that: Heb. that there is an excellency in wisdom more than in folly, etc


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
This climactic verse concludes Solomon's grand experiment with pleasure, accomplishment, and acquisition (2:1-10). After denying himself nothing and achieving unprecedented success, he 'looked on all the works that my hands had wrought'—a comprehensive retrospective assessment. The threefold verdict is devastating: 'vanity,' 'vexation of spirit,' and 'no profit under the sun.' The Hebrew 'yitron' (יִתְרוֹן, profit/advantage/surplus) appears nine times in Ecclesiastes, asking whether life yields lasting gain. Solomon's conclusion: when evaluated from an earthbound perspective ('under the sun'), even spectacular achievements produce no enduring advantage. The phrase 'vexation of spirit' (re'ut ruach, רְעוּת רוּחַ) literally means 'shepherding wind'—capturing the frustration of expending energy on what cannot be grasped or retained. This isn't regret over sinful pursuits (much of what Solomon accomplished was good and God-honoring) but recognition that even legitimate achievements, when treated as ultimate, prove unsatisfying. The verse drives readers toward the conclusion that lasting profit comes only from fearing God (12:13).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Solomon's unparalleled resources enabled the most comprehensive test of materialism and accomplishment in human history. His 'works' included the Temple, royal palaces, extensive building projects, gardens, pools, forests, servants, herds, treasure, and cultural achievements (1 Kings 4-10). His 'labour' reflects the Hebrew 'amal' (עָמָל)—toil, trouble, and strenuous effort. Despite having everything wealth, power, and wisdom could provide, Solomon discovered what later saints would rediscover: 'Man shall not live by bread alone' (Deuteronomy 8:3; Matthew 4:4). Augustine famously prayed, 'You have made us for Yourself, O Lord, and our hearts are restless until they rest in You'—capturing Ecclesiastes' experiential wisdom. The verse anticipates Jesus's parable of the rich fool (Luke 12:16-21), who amassed wealth but was 'not rich toward God.' Only eternal treasures yield lasting profit (Matthew 6:19-21).

Reflection Questions

  1. What 'works' and 'labour' in your life are you hoping will provide lasting satisfaction, and what does Solomon's verdict suggest about such hopes?
  2. How does this verse challenge the assumption that achieving your goals and dreams will finally make you happy?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
וּפָנִ֣יתִֽי1 of 18

Then I looked

H6437

to turn; by implication, to face, i.e., appear, look, etc

אֲנִ֗י2 of 18
H589

i

בְּכָל3 of 18
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

מַעֲשַׂי֙4 of 18

on all the works

H4639

an action (good or bad); generally, a transaction; abstractly, activity; by implication, a product (specifically, a poem) or (generally) property

לַעֲשׂ֑וֹת5 of 18

had wrought

H6213

to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application

יָדַ֔י6 of 18

that my hands

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

וּבֶֽעָמָ֖ל7 of 18

and on the labour

H5999

toil, i.e., wearing effort; hence, worry, whether of body or mind

שֶׁעָמַ֣לְתִּי8 of 18

that I had laboured

H5998

to toil, i.e., work severely and with irksomeness

לַעֲשׂ֑וֹת9 of 18

had wrought

H6213

to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application

וְהִנֵּ֨ה10 of 18
H2009

lo!

הַכֹּ֥ל11 of 18
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

הֶ֙בֶל֙12 of 18

and behold all was vanity

H1892

emptiness or vanity; figuratively, something transitory and unsatisfactory; often used as an adverb

וּרְע֣וּת13 of 18

and vexation

H7469

a feeding upon, i.e., grasping after

ר֔וּחַ14 of 18

of spirit

H7307

wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the

וְאֵ֥ין15 of 18
H369

a nonentity; generally used as a negative particle

יִתְר֖וֹן16 of 18

and there was no profit

H3504

preeminence, gain

תַּ֥חַת17 of 18
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃18 of 18

under the sun

H8121

the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e., (architectural) a notched battlement


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Ecclesiastes. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Ecclesiastes 2:11 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Ecclesiastes 2:11 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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