King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 22:28 Mean?

Deuteronomy 22:28 in the King James Version says “If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be foun... — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 22 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;

Deuteronomy 22:28 · KJV


Context

26

But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter:

27

For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.

28

If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;

29

Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.

30

A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed—this case differs from verses 23-27 because the woman is not betrothed, hence not under covenant obligation to another man. Lay hold on her (tapas, תָּפַשׂ) can mean seize but lacks the violent overtones of chazaq (verse 25), suggesting this may involve seduction rather than forcible rape. And they be found implies discovery by others, creating public knowledge requiring resolution.

The ambiguity of this scenario (somewhere between consent and force) requires different remedy than the clear-cut cases above. The absence of betrothal means no third-party covenant rights are violated, but the woman's marriageability and family honor are damaged. The remedy (verse 29) protects her future through mandatory marriage and bride price.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

In ancient patriarchal society, loss of virginity outside marriage severely damaged a woman's prospects and family reputation. Without legal protection, such a woman might face destitution. The law's requirement that the man marry her and pay fifty shekels (substantial sum) without right of divorce provided economic security and social restoration.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does this law balance consequences for wrongdoing with protection for those whose reputation and future have been damaged?
  2. What principles of restorative justice can guide Christian responses to sexual sin that damages both parties' futures?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
כִּֽי1 of 12
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

וְנִמְצָֽאוּ׃2 of 12

find

H4672

properly, to come forth to, i.e., appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e., find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present

אִ֗ישׁ3 of 12

If a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

נַֽעֲרָ֤4 of 12

a damsel

H5291

a girl (from infancy to adolescence)

בְתוּלָה֙5 of 12

that is a virgin

H1330

a virgin (from her privacy); sometimes (by continuation) a bride; also (figuratively) a city or state

אֲשֶׁ֣ר6 of 12
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

לֹֽא7 of 12
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

אֹרָ֔שָׂה8 of 12

which is not betrothed

H781

to promise to marry

וּתְפָשָׂ֖הּ9 of 12

and lay hold

H8610

to manipulate, i.e., seize; chiefly to capture, wield, specifically, to overlay; figuratively, to use unwarrantably

וְשָׁכַ֣ב10 of 12

on her and lie

H7901

to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)

עִמָּ֑הּ11 of 12
H5973

adverb or preposition, with (i.e., in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then

וְנִמְצָֽאוּ׃12 of 12

find

H4672

properly, to come forth to, i.e., appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e., find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 22:28 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Deuteronomy 22:28 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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