King James Version
Revelation 22
21 verses with commentary
The River of Life
And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.
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<strong>A pure river of water of life, clear as crystal</strong> (ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς λαμπρὸν ὡς κρύσταλλον, <em>potamon hydatos zōēs lampron hōs krystallon</em>)—This climactic vision echoes Ezekiel 47:1-12 where water flows from the temple, and Zechariah 14:8 where living waters flow from Jerusalem. The Greek <em>hydatos zōēs</em> (water of life) recalls Jesus's promise to the Samaritan woman: "...
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(1) **And he shewed me a pure river . . .**—The adjective “pure” must be omitted, as it is wanting in the best MSS. The river is full of water, and that water is the emblem of life: it is the beautiful symbol of life in its gladness, purity, activity, and fulness. The garden of Eden (Genesis 2:10) had its river. Even in the wilderness Israel had from the smitten rock the water which gushed out lik...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15. kings ... hid themselves--**Where was now the spirit of those whom the world has so greatly feared? [Bengel].
**great men--**statesmen and high civil officers.
**rich men ... chief captains--**The three oldest manuscripts, A, B, C, transpose thus, "chief captains ... rich men."
**mighty--**The three oldest manuscripts, A, B, and C read, "strong" physically (Psa 33:16).
**in--**litera...
Read full commentary →In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
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<strong>In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life</strong> (ξύλον ζωῆς, <em>xylon zōēs</em>)—John's vision completes Scripture's arc from Genesis to consummation. The tree of life, lost in Genesis 3:22-24 when God barred access after the Fall, is now freely accessible in the New Jerusalem. The Greek <em>xylon</em> (tree/wood) is the same word use...
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(2) **In the midst of the street of it . . .**—Or rather, *In the midst of the street of it, and of the river, on one side and on the other *(*was*)* a tree of life, yielding twelve fruits, according to each month giving its fruit; and the leaves of the tree are for healing of the nations.* The hunger as well as the thirst of the spirit is to be satisfied (Matthew 5:6). The tree of life, as well a...
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**16. from the face--**(Psa 34:16). On the whole verse, compare Ho 10:8; Lu 23:30.
And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him:
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<strong>And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him:...</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic language character...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(3) **And there shall be no more curse** . . . Better, *And every curse, or accursed thing, shall not be any longer.* There may be an allusion to Joshua 7:12; there is certainly a borrowing, of language from Zechariah (Zechariah 14:11). All accursed things are removed, and with them passes the curse. The blessing of God’s presence, and the blessing of God’s rule take the place of the ascendancy of...
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17. Literally, "the day, the great (day)," which can only mean the last great day. After the Lord has exhausted all His ordinary judgments, the sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts, and still sinners are impenitent, the great day of the Lord itself' shall come. Mt 24:6-29 plainly forms a perfect parallelism to the six seals, not only in the events, but also in the order of their occurrence: ...
Read full commentary →And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads.
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<strong>And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic language characteristic of Jewish prophetic literature, drawing heavi...
Read full commentary →And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle , neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.
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<strong>And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text u...
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(5) **And there shall be no night there . . .**—Rather, *And night shall not be any more, and *(*they shall not have*)* need of the light of lamp, and of light of sun, because the Lord God shall give light upon them, and they shall reign unto the ages of ages.* There shall be no night. Twice is it said (Revelation 21:25) that all darkness shall cease; the darkness in which the saints and sorrowing...
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CHAPTER 7 Re 7:1-17. Sealing of the Elect of Israel. The Countless Multitude of the Gentile Elect.
**1. And--**so B and Syriac. But A, C, Vulgate, and Coptic omit "and."
**after these things--**A, B, C, and Coptic read, "after this." The two visions in this chapter come in as an episode after the sixth seal, and before the seventh seal. It is clear that, though "Israel" may elsewhere designate ...
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And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly be done.
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<strong>And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly be done....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. Th...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(6-21) These verses contain the concluding words. It is the Epilogue of the Book; it deals with practical exhortations, warnings, and blessings.
**WORDS OF CONFIRMATION AND WARNING.**
(6) **And he said unto me . . .**—It is the angel who speaks. (Comp. Revelation 21 and Revelation 22:9 of this chapter.) In Revelation 22:7 we hear the words of Christ Himself. *These sayings* (or, *words*)* are fait...
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**2. from the east--**Greek, "the rising of the sun." The quarter from which God's glory oftenest manifests itself.
Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book.
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<strong>Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic language characteristic of Jewish prophetic lit...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(7) **Behold, I come quickly.**—The words of Christ Himself follow (perhaps quoted by the angel), to confirm the declaration of the last verse. These confirming words are an embodiment of the spirit of the whole Apocalypse. *And behold I am coming quickly!* The Apocalypse is the revelation of the coming One; it reveals the dealings of Him who came, who comes, and is to come. (Comp. Note on Revelat...
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**3. Hurt not--**by letting loose the destructive winds.
**till we have sealed the servants of our God--**parallel to Mt 24:31, "His angels ... shall gather together His elect from the four winds." God's love is such, that He cannot do anything in the way of judgment, till His people are secured from hurt (Ge 19:22). Israel, at the eve of the Lord's coming, shall be found re-embodied as a nation...
Read full commentary →And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which shewed me these things.
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John's repeated attempt to worship the revealing angel (also in 19:10) demonstrates how easily even spiritually mature believers can misdirect worship. The angel's correction emphasizes that only God deserves worship—created beings, however glorious, must not be worshiped. Reformed theology affirms the second commandment's prohibition of idolatry. John's mistake warns that impressive displays of d...
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(8) **And I John saw these things . . .**—Or rather, *And I John am he who hears and sees these things.* The words of the angel are confirmed by the words of Christ. Now we have the confirmatory testimony of the seer to the truth of the vision. The declaration reminds us of the opening of the Epistle of St. John: “That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you” (1John 1:1-3). It is no mere ...
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4. Twelve is the number of the tribes, and appropriate to the Church: three by four: three, the divine number, multiplied by four, the number for world-wide extension. Twelve by twelve implies fixity and completeness, which is taken a thousandfold in 144,000. A thousand implies the world perfectly pervaded by the divine; for it is ten, the world number, raised to the power of three, the number of ...
Read full commentary →Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which keep the sayings of this book: worship God.
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The angel's self-identification as 'fellowservant' emphasizes equality among God's servants despite different roles. Angels and prophets both serve God; neither deserves worship. The command 'worship God' redirects all honor to its proper object. Reformed theology emphasizes that all created beings, regardless of glory or function, are servants—only the Creator deserves worship. The inclusive 'the...
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(9) **Then saith he unto me . . .**—Better, *And he saith to me, See* (or, *Take heed*)* not. I am a fellow servant of thee and of thy brethren the prophets, and of those who keep the words of this book; worship God* (or, *to God give worship*)*.* This rebuke is similar to that given in Revelation 19. It is a wide affirmation of the truth that all—whether angels, or prophets, or simple faithful fo...
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5-8. Judah (meaning praise) stands first, as Jesus' tribe. Benjamin, the youngest, is last; and with him is associated second last, Joseph. Reuben, as originally first-born, comes next after Judah, to whom it gave place, having by sin lost its primogeniture right. Besides the reason given above (see on Re 7:2), another akin for the omission of Dan, is, its having been the first to lapse into idola...
Read full commentary →And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand.
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The command not to seal the book contrasts Daniel's instruction to seal his prophecy (Daniel 12:4). Daniel's visions awaited distant fulfillment; Revelation's are imminent ('time is at hand'). The unsealed book indicates accessibility—all believers should read, understand, and obey. Reformed theology emphasizes Scripture's perspicuity—it's clear for salvation and obedience, not hidden in esoteric ...
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(10) **And he saith to me . . .**—The angel, in contrast to the injunctions given to Daniel (Daniel 12:9-13), bids the prophet “Seal not the words of the prophecy”: the reason is added, “for the time is near.” “Such is ever the difference between the prophecy of the old, and the prophecy of the new dispensation. The one belonged to a preliminary and prefatory state; the other to a completive and f...
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5-8. Judah (meaning praise) stands first, as Jesus' tribe. Benjamin, the youngest, is last; and with him is associated second last, Joseph. Reuben, as originally first-born, comes next after Judah, to whom it gave place, having by sin lost its primogeniture right. Besides the reason given above (see on Re 7:2), another akin for the omission of Dan, is, its having been the first to lapse into idola...
Read full commentary →He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still.
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This verse presents the sobering reality that choices have consequences that become fixed. The repetition emphasizes permanence—the unjust continues in injustice, the righteous in righteousness. This isn't fatalism but recognition that character solidifies through choices. Reformed theology sees this as describing final judgment's result—the impenitent are confirmed in sin, the righteous in holine...
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(11) **He that is unjust, let him be unjust . . .**—Better, *Let him that is unjust, do injustice still; and let the foul pollute himself still; and let the righteous do righteousness still; and let the holy sanctify himself still.* Two pairs are selected to stand as representatives of the good and of the bad: in these four are included all classes of godly and ungodly: those who sin against socie...
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5-8. Judah (meaning praise) stands first, as Jesus' tribe. Benjamin, the youngest, is last; and with him is associated second last, Joseph. Reuben, as originally first-born, comes next after Judah, to whom it gave place, having by sin lost its primogeniture right. Besides the reason given above (see on Re 7:2), another akin for the omission of Dan, is, its having been the first to lapse into idola...
Read full commentary →And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be.
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<strong>And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic language characteristic of Jewish p...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(12) **And, behold, I come quickly . . .**—Rather, *Behold, I am coming quickly, and My reward is with Me to give back to each one as his work is.* To give back to each: here we have the truth declared by St. Paul uttered in words borrowed from Isaiah (Isaiah 40:10). “Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap,” wrote St. Paul (Galatians 6:7-8): “God gives back to each one his work,” says St...
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5-8. Judah (meaning praise) stands first, as Jesus' tribe. Benjamin, the youngest, is last; and with him is associated second last, Joseph. Reuben, as originally first-born, comes next after Judah, to whom it gave place, having by sin lost its primogeniture right. Besides the reason given above (see on Re 7:2), another akin for the omission of Dan, is, its having been the first to lapse into idola...
Read full commentary →I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
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<strong>I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic language characteristic of Jewish prophetic literature, drawing hea...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(13) **I am Alpha . . .**—Here (as in Revelation 21:6) we should render, *I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end.* (See Note as above, and comp. John 1:1; Isaiah 44:6.) The repetition of these glorious titles is not a mere idle repetition, or designed to give a rhetorical fulness to the peroration of the book: it is closely allied with the preceding thought...
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**9. no man--**Greek, "no one."
**of all nations--**Greek, "OUT OF every nation." The human race is "one nation" by origin, but afterwards separated itself into tribes, peoples, and tongues; hence, the one singular stands first, followed by the three plurals.
**kindreds--**Greek, "tribes."
**people--**Greek, "peoples." The "first-fruits unto the Lamb," the 144,000 (Re 14:1-4) of Israel, are ...
Read full commentary →Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city.
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<strong>Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivid apocalyptic l...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(14) **Blessed are they that do his commandments . . .**—The reading of two of the best MSS. is, “Blessed are they that wash their robes.” If we adopt, as we probably ought, this reading, the line of thought suggested above is helped forward: there is in Him who is the First and the Last, refuge from the power of sin and law against which such solemn warning has been given. The blood of Jesus Chri...
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**10. cried--**Greek, "cry," in the three oldest manuscripts, A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic. It is their continuing, ceaseless employment.
**Salvation--**literally, "THE salvation"; all the praise of our salvation be ascribed to our God. At the Lord's entry into Jerusalem, the type, similarly "salvation" is the cry of the palm-bearing multitudes. Hosanna means "save us now"; taken from Ps...
Read full commentary →For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie.
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The exclusion list (dogs, sorcerers, whoremongers, murderers, idolaters, liars) emphasizes that unrepentant sin bars entrance to the holy city. 'Dogs' was Jewish terminology for Gentiles or moral outcasts, here applied to the persistently immoral. The comprehensive catalog covers religious sin (sorcery, idolatry), sexual sin (fornication), violent sin (murder), and relational sin (lying). Reformed...
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(15) **For without are dogs and sorcerers . . .**—Better, *Outside are the dogs, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the murderers, and the idolators, and every one loving and doing falsehood.* The language is again an echo of earlier words. (See Revelation 21:8.) The allusion to the dogs outside the city is hardly appreciated by Westerns. In the East, however, “troops of hungry and semi-w...
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11. The angels, as in Re 5:11, in their turn take up the anthem of praise. There it was "many angels," here it is "all the angels."
**stood--**"were standing" [Alford].
I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.
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<strong>I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star....</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic meaning. The Greek text uses vivi...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(16) **I Jesus have sent mine angel . . .**—The warning is followed by the voice of our Lord Himself testifying to the truth of the revelation made, *I Jesus sent* (not “have sent,” as in the English version) *my angel to testify to you these things to the churches.* But it is not merely a message, or the confirmation of a message that we have—we have also stated what Christ is—the root and pledge...
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12. Greek, "The blessing, the glory, the wisdom, the thanksgiving, the honor, the power, the might [the doxology is sevenfold, implying its totality and completeness], unto the ages of the ages."
And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely.
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<strong>And the Spirit and the bride say, Come</strong> (τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν ἔρχου)—The Holy Spirit and the church unite in this final invitation, echoing Jesus's own promise: "I will come again" (John 14:3). This is both evangelistic invitation and eschatological longing. The imperative <em>erchou</em> ("come") appears three times, creating urgent, repetitive appeal.<br><br><strong>Let...
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(17) **And the Spirit and the bride say, Come . . .**—The cry of all creation is for its true Lord; the cry of the Spirit in prophecies and in the hearts of God’s people is for the coming Lord—the bride waiting for the bridegroom cries “Come.” The Apocalypse is the book of the coming One; it ends with the cry that the coming One would come (comp. Revelation 22:20); but let those who thirst for His...
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**13. answered--**namely, to my thoughts; spoke, asking the question which might have been expected to arise in John's mind from what has gone before. One of the twenty-four elders, representing the Old and New Testament ministry, appropriately acts as interpreter of this vision of the glorified Church.
**What, &c.--**Greek order, "These which are arrayed in white robes, WHO are they?"
Warning and Invitation
For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book:
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<strong>For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book:...</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions and symbolic...
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(18-19) **I testify unto every man that heareth.**—Omit “For,” and read, *I testify to every one that hears* . . . The “I” is emphatic; it introduces the final warning; the revelation must not be tampered with. *If any one shall have added to them, God shall add to him the plagues which are written in this book; and if any one shall have taken away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God ...
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**14. Sir--**Greek, "Lord." B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic versions, and Cyprian read, "My Lord." A omits "My," as English Version.
**thou knowest--**taken from Eze 37:3. Comparatively ignorant ourselves of divine things, it is well for us to look upward for divinely communicated knowledge.
**came--**rather as Greek, "come"; implying that they are just come.
**great tribulation--**Greek, "THE...
Read full commentary →And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. out of the book: or, from the tree of life
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<strong>And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in thi...</strong> This verse from Revelation's vision of river of life, invitation, warnings - eternal blessing, urgent call, maranatha employs apocalyptic imagery rich with Old Testament allusions...
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**15. Therefore--**because they are so washed white; for without it they could never have entered God's holy heaven; Re 22:14, "Blessed are those who wash their robes (the oldest manuscripts reading), that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city"; Re 21:27; Ep 5:26, 27.
**before--**Greek, "in the presence of." Mt 5:8; 1Co 13:12, "face to face."
...
Read full commentary →He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus.
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<strong>Surely I come quickly</strong> (Ναὶ ἔρχομαι ταχύ, <em>Nai erchomai tachy</em>)—Christ's final promise in Scripture is not slow timing but certain swiftness when the hour arrives. <em>Tachy</em> conveys imminence and suddenness, not chronological nearness. This echoes His earlier warnings: "Behold, I come as a thief" (16:15).<br><br><strong>Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus</strong> (Ἀμήν ναὶ...
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(20) **He which testifieth these things . . .**—Better, *He saith, who testifieth these things, Yea, I am coming quickly.* We have here the final witness; it is in the words of the faithful and true witness Himself. It is the answer to the repeated cry, “Come;” it is the warning to those who forget Him; it is introduced with the emphatic yea! “Yea, I am coming quickly.” The answer breaks forth in ...
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16. (Is 49:10).
**hunger no more--**as they did here.
**thirst any more--**(Joh 4:13).
**the sun--**literally, scorching in the East. Also, symbolically, the sun of persecution.
**neither ... light--**Greek, "by no means at all ... light" (fall).
**heat--**as the sirocco.
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
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<strong>The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.</strong> (Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ μετὰ πάντων)—The Bible's final words are a benediction of <em>charis</em> (grace), bookending Scripture's story from Paradise lost to Paradise restored. This echoes Paul's epistolary closings (1 Cor 16:23, Gal 6:18), grounding Revelation's apocalyptic visions in apostolic gospel proclamation.<br><b...
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(21) **The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ . . .**—There is some variety of reading among the MSS. We ought probably to read, *The grace of the Lord Jesus* *Christ be with all* (or else, following the Sinaitic MS., *be with the saints*)*. Amen.* In any case, it is the grace or free pardon of the Lord Jesus which is the last word left in our ears. It reminds us that whatever be the dangers or diffic...
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**17. in the midst of the throne--**that is, in the middle point in front of the throne (Re 5:6).
**feed--**Greek, "tend as a shepherd."
**living fountains of water--**A, B, Vulgate, and Cyprian read, (eternal) "life's fountains of waters." "Living" is not supported by the old authorities.