About Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes examines life's meaning "under the sun," concluding that true purpose is found only in fearing God.

Author: SolomonWritten: c. 940-930 BCReading time: ~2 minVerses: 16
MeaninglessnessWisdomEnjoymentDeathFear of GodPurpose

King James Version

Ecclesiastes 4

16 verses with commentary

The Vanity of Labor and Isolation

So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter. side: Heb. hand

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun</strong>—the Preacher turns from judicial corruption (3:16) to systematic oppression. The Hebrew <em>ashukkim</em> (עֲשׁוּקִים, oppressions) describes exploitation, extortion, violent injustice perpetrated by the powerful. <strong>Behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter</strong>—the rep...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

IV. (1) Having dwelt on the instability of human happiness, the Preacher now turns to contemplate the actual misery of which the world is full. **Oppressions.—**Job 35:9; Amos 3:9. **No comforter.**—If Solomon were the writer, one asks, What was the king about? Could he do nothing but express helpless despair?

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 12 Pr 12:1-28. **1. loveth knowledge--**as the fruit of instruction or training (Pr 1:2). **hateth reproof--**(Pr 10:17). **brutish--**stupid, regardless of his own welfare (Psa 49:10; 73:22).

Wherefore I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Wherefore I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive</strong>—facing relentless oppression without comfort (4:1), the Preacher reaches a shocking conclusion. The Hebrew <em>shabach</em> (שָׁבַח, praised/congratulated) doesn't advocate suicide but honestly confronts unbearable suffering's logic: death offers escape from perpetual injustice. The dead a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **I praised the dead.—**Job 3:11; Exodus 32:32; 1Kings 19:4; Jeremiah 20:14; Jonah 4:3. The word which is translated “yet” in this verse belongs to later Hebrew, and does not occur elsewhere in the Old Testament,

Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been</strong>—surpassing even the dead in preferability is the never-born. The logic intensifies: living sufferers endure oppression; the dead escaped it; but <strong>who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun</strong> avoided suffering entirely by never existing. The Hebrew <em>ra</em> (רָע, evil) combined with <em>ma'as...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

3. Wickedness cannot give permanent prosperity. **root ... not be moved--**firm as a flourishing tree--(Psa 1:3; 15:5; Jr 17:8).

Again, I considered all travail, and every right work, that for this a man is envied of his neighbour. This is also vanity and vexation of spirit. every: Heb. all the rightness of work for this: Heb. this is the envy of a man from his neighbour

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Again, I considered all travail, and every right work</strong>—the Preacher examines <em>amal</em> (עָמָל, labor/toil) and <em>kishron ma'aseh</em> (כִּשְׁרוֹן מַעֲשֶׂה, skilled/successful work). Even legitimate achievement and excellent performance spring from corrupt motivation: <strong>for this a man is envied of his neighbour</strong>. The Hebrew <em>kinah</em> (קִנְאָה, envy/jealousy)...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Right work.—**Rather, *skilful. *(See Note on Ecclesiastes 2:21.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. A virtuous woman--**in the wide sense of well-disposed to all moral duties (Pr 31:10). **maketh ashamed--**that is, by misconduct. **rottenness--**an incurable evil.

The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh</strong>—after diagnosing envy-driven achievement (4:4), the Preacher addresses the opposite extreme. The Hebrew <em>kesil</em> (כְּסִיל, fool) designates moral and practical stupidity, not mere intellectual limitation. <em>Chovek et-yadav</em> (חֹבֵק אֶת־יָדָיו, folds his hands) depicts lazy inactivity—arms crossed in idle refu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **Eateth his own flesh.—**Interpreters have usually taken these words metaphorically, as in Psalm 27:2; Isaiah 49:26; Micah 3:3, and understood them as a condemnation of the sluggard’s conduct as suicidal. But it has been proposed, taking the verse in connection with that which precedes and those which follow, to understand them literally, “eats his meat;” the sense being that, considering the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. thoughts--**or, "purposes." **are right--**literally, "are judgment," that is, true decisions. **counsels--**(Compare Pr 11:14). **deceit--**contrary to truth and honesty.

Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Preacher offers striking wisdom: 'Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit.' The Hebrew 'nachat' (נַחַת, quietness) means rest, satisfaction, contentment. One handful enjoyed with peace surpasses two handfuls gained through anxious toil and spiritual agitation. The phrase 'travail and vexation of spirit' (amal u're'ut ruach, עָמָל וּרְעו...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6. The words--**or, "expressed designs" of the wicked are for evil purposes. **the mouth--**or, "words" of the righteous delivering instead of ensnaring men.

Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun</strong>—the Hebrew <em>hevel</em> (הֶבֶל, vapor/futility) appears again as the Preacher transitions to another illustration of life's meaninglessness 'under the sun.' The phrase 'I returned' (<em>shavti</em>, שַׁבְתִּי) indicates shifting observational focus to examine a different manifestation of futility. This brief transitional verse intr...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Then I returned.—**The vanity of toil is especially apparent in the case of a solitary man. It is possible, as has been suggested (see Ecclesiastes 2:18), that this may have been the writer’s own case. The following verses, which speak of the advantages of friendship and unity, are of a more cheerful tone than the rest of the book.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

7. Such conduct brings a proper return, by the destruction of the wicked and well-being of the righteous and his family.

There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his labour; neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither saith he, For whom do I labour, and bereave my soul of good? This is also vanity, yea, it is a sore travail.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>There is one alone, and there is not a second</strong>—isolation defined: <em>echad</em> (אֶחָד, one) with <em>ein sheni</em> (אֵין שֵׁנִי, no companion). <strong>Yea, he hath neither child nor brother</strong>—no family connections or heirs. Yet <strong>there is no end of all his labour</strong>—<em>ein ketz le-khol amalo</em> (אֵין קֵץ לְכָל־עֲמָלוֹ), endless toil accumulating wealth wit...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8. despised--**as opposed to commended (Pr 11:12). **perverse heart--**or, "wicked principles," as opposed to one of wisdom.

Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labour.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse begins Ecclesiastes' profound meditation on companionship and community. The simple declaration 'Two are better than one' counters radical individualism with relational wisdom. The Hebrew 'tovim' (better/good) indicates not merely pragmatic advantage but qualitative goodness. The rationale—'they have a good reward for their labour' (Hebrew 'sakar tov,' good wages/return)—shows that coll...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. despised--**held in little repute, obscure (1Sa 18:23; Is 3:5). **hath a servant--**implying some means of honest living. **honoureth himself--**is self-conceited.

For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse illustrates the practical value of companionship through the metaphor of falling. The Hebrew 'naphal' (fall) can mean literal stumbling or metaphorical failure/misfortune. The companion 'will lift up his fellow' (Hebrew 'yaqim et-chavero'), demonstrating active mutual support. The solemn warning 'woe to him that is alone when he falleth' uses the Hebrew 'oy' (woe/alas), expressing grief...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Woe.**—The word occurs only here and in Ecclesiastes 10:16, but is common in post-Biblical Hebrew.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10. regardeth--**literally, "knoweth" (Psa 1:6). **mercies ... cruel--**as acts of compassion ungraciously rendered to the needy. The righteous more regards a beast than the wicked a man.

Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one be warm alone?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one be warm alone?</strong> The Hebrew <em>yishkevu</em> (יִשְׁכְּבוּ, lie down) describes sleeping, not sexual activity—this verse addresses companionship's practical benefits, not marriage specifically. <em>Cham lahem</em> (חַם לָהֶם, warmth to them) versus <em>le-echad eikh yecham</em> (לְאֶחָד אֵיךְ יֵחָם, how can one be warm...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **They have heat.—**The nights in Palestine were often very cold, and it would seem (Exodus 22:26) that it was common to sleep without any cover but the ordinary day garment; though see Isaiah 28:20.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

11. The idler's fate is the result of indolence and want of principle (Pr 6:32; 7:7).

And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken.

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KJV Study Commentary

The crescendo of the companionship passage: if two are better than one, 'a threefold cord is not quickly broken.' The Hebrew 'chut ha-meshulahs' (threefold cord) creates a powerful image of exponential strength through unity. While one strand breaks easily and two provide some resistance, three twisted together create disproportionate strength. The phrase 'not quickly broken' (Hebrew 'lo bimherah ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12. the wicked ... evil--**They love the crafty arts of deception. **the root ... fruit--**their own resources supply them; or, it may be rendered: "He (God) giveth, or, sets (Eze 17:22) the root of the righteous," and hence it is firm: or, the verb is impersonal; "As to the root ... it is firm" (Pr 17:19).

Wisdom Is Better Than Folly

Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish king, who will no more be admonished. who: Heb. who knoweth not to be admonished

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Better is a poor and a wise child</strong> (טוֹב יֶלֶד מִסְכֵּן וְחָכָם, <em>tov yeled misken ve-chakam</em>)—the Hebrew <em>yeled</em> means 'youth' or 'boy,' while <em>misken</em> denotes being lowly or poor. <strong>Than an old and foolish king, who will no more be admonished</strong> (מִמֶּלֶךְ זָקֵן וּכְסִיל אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדַע לְהִזָּהֵר עוֹד, <em>mi-melekh zaqen ukh'sil asher lo-yada l...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) The section commencing here presents great difficulties of interpretation, in overcoming which we have little help from the context, on account of the abruptness with which, in this verse, a new subject is introduced. **Poor.**—The word occurs again in this book (Ecclesiastes 9:15-16), but not elsewhere in the Old Testament: kindred words occur in Deuteronomy 8:9; Isaiah 40:20. No confidence ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-14. The wicked is snared, &amp;c.--**The sentiment expanded. While the wicked, such as liars, flatterers, &amp;c., fall by their own words, the righteous are unhurt. Their good conduct makes friends, and God rewards them.

For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is born in his kingdom becometh poor.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For out of prison he cometh to reign</strong> (כִּי־מִבֵּית הָסוּרִים יָצָא לִמְלֹךְ, <em>ki-mibeit hasurim yatsa limlokh</em>)—literally 'from the house of prisoners he went out to become king.' <strong>Whereas also he that is born in his kingdom becometh poor</strong> (כִּי גַם בְּמַלְכוּתוֹ נוֹלַד רָשׁ, <em>ki gam bemalkhuto nolad rash</em>)—even one born into royalty can become impover...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Becometh.—**Instead of this translation, it is better to render, *in his kingdom he was even poor; *but there is ambiguity in the Hebrew, as in the English, whether the antecedent of the “his” and the “he” is the old king or the new one.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-14. The wicked is snared, &amp;c.--**The sentiment expanded. While the wicked, such as liars, flatterers, &amp;c., fall by their own words, the righteous are unhurt. Their good conduct makes friends, and God rewards them.

I considered all the living which walk under the sun, with the second child that shall stand up in his stead.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I considered all the living which walk under the sun</strong> (רָאִיתִי אֶת־כָּל־הַחַיִּים הַמְהַלְּכִים תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ, <em>ra'iti et-kol-hachayim hamehalkhim tachat hashemesh</em>)—the Preacher's empirical survey of humanity. <strong>With the second child that shall stand up in his stead</strong> (עִם הַיֶּלֶד הַשֵּׁנִי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹד תַּחְתָּיו, <em>im hayeled hasheni asher ya'amod t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **I considered.**—Heb., *I saw. *Most modern interpreters regard the “second child” as identical with the “young man” of Ecclesiastes 4:13, and understand the passage, “I saw him at the head of all his people; yet his great popularity was but temporary, and the next generation took no pleasure in him.” It seems to me that by no stretch of rhetoric can “all the living which walk under the sun”...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15. The way ... eyes--**The fool is self-conceited (compare Pr 12:1; 1:32; 10:17; Jas 3:17).

There is no end of all the people, even of all that have been before them: they also that come after shall not rejoice in him. Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>There is no end of all the people</strong> (אֵין קֵץ לְכָל־הָעָם, <em>ein qets lekhol-ha'am</em>)—'no limit to all the people,' describing vast multitudes. <strong>They also that come after shall not rejoice in him</strong> (גַּם־הָאַחֲרוֹנִים לֹא יִשְׂמְחוּ־בוֹ, <em>gam-ha'achronim lo yismchu-vo</em>)—future generations will not delight in him. <strong>Surely this also is vanity and vexat...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**16. prudent ... shame--**He is slow to denounce his insulters (Jas 1:19).

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