King James Version

What Does Genesis 36:12 Mean?

Genesis 36:12 in the King James Version says “And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife.” — study this verse from Genesis chapter 36 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

“And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife.”

Genesis 36:12 · KJV

Context

10

These are the names of Esau's sons; Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau.

11

And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. Zepho: or, Zephi

12

And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife.

13

And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife.

14

And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah.

Read Genesis 36 full chapter

Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons o... This passage belongs to the Jacob narratives which demonstrate God's sovereign election overriding human merit and the transformation of a deceiver into Israel, the father of the twelve tribes. The Jacob cycle shows how divine purposes advance through flawed individuals whom God graciously transforms.

Key themes include God's sovereign choice ("the older shall serve the younger"), the consequences of deception and family dysfunction, exile and return patterns, wrestling with God leading to blessing, and covenant renewal across generations. Jacob's character development from manipulative deceiver to mature patriarch demonstrates sanctification's lifelong process.

Theologically significant aspects include: (1) divine election based on grace not merit (Romans 9:10-13); (2) God's faithfulness to covenant promises despite human unfaithfulness; (3) discipline as evidence of divine love and means of transformation; (4) generational patterns of sin requiring divine intervention to break; (5) prayer and wrestling with God as legitimate expressions of faith. Jacob's limp after wrestling God symbolizes how divine encounters leave permanent marks, transforming our approach to life and dependence on God rather than our own cunning.

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Historical & Cultural Context

The patriarchal narratives (Genesis 12-50) reflect the cultural, social, and legal customs of the ancient Near East during the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE). Archaeological discoveries including the Mari tablets, Nuzi tablets, and Egyptian records confirm many details: nomadic pastoralism, covenant-making ceremonies, marriage customs, property laws, and international travel patterns described in Genesis.

The cultural practices reflected include: treaty/covenant forms (Genesis 15), bride-price customs (Genesis 24, 29), inheritance laws favoring firstborn sons (Genesis 25, 27), adoption practices (Genesis 15, 30), levirate-type arrangements (Genesis 38), and Egyptian administrative systems (Genesis 41, 47). These parallels confirm Genesis's historical reliability while showing how God worked within ancient cultural frameworks to accomplish His purposes.

For later Israelites, these narratives established their identity as Abraham's descendants, explained their claim to Canaan, justified their possession of Joseph's bones (Exodus 13:19), and provided models of faith despite imperfection. The patriarchs' failures and God's faithfulness encouraged Israel that covenant relationship depended on God's grace rather than human merit. The movement from Mesopotamia to Canaan to Egypt set the stage for the Exodus and conquest narratives.

Reflection Questions

  1. What theological truths about Esau's Descendants emerge from this passage?
  2. How should this truth about Edomite Kings shape our daily decisions and priorities?
  3. How does this passage point forward to Christ and the gospel of redemption?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 15 words
וְתִמְנַ֣ע׀1 of 15

“And Timna”

H8555

timna, the name of two edomites

הָֽיְתָ֣ה2 of 15
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

פִילֶ֗גֶשׁ3 of 15

“was concubine”

H6370

a concubine; also (masculine) a paramour

לֶֽאֱלִיפַ֖ז4 of 15

“to Eliphaz”

H464

eliphaz, the name of one of job's friends, and of a son of esau

בְּנֵ֥י5 of 15

“son”

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

עֵשָֽׂו׃6 of 15

“Esau's”

H6215

esav, a son of isaac, including his posterity

וַתֵּ֥לֶד7 of 15

“and she bare”

H3205

to bear young; causatively, to beget; medically, to act as midwife; specifically, to show lineage

לֶֽאֱלִיפַ֖ז8 of 15

“to Eliphaz”

H464

eliphaz, the name of one of job's friends, and of a son of esau

אֶת9 of 15
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

עֲמָלֵ֑ק10 of 15

“Amalek”

H6002

amalek, a descendant of esau; also his posterity and their country

אֵ֕לֶּה11 of 15
H428

these or those

בְּנֵ֥י12 of 15

“son”

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

עָדָ֖ה13 of 15

“of Adah”

H5711

adah, the name of two women

אֵ֥שֶׁת14 of 15

“wife”

H802

a woman

עֵשָֽׂו׃15 of 15

“Esau's”

H6215

esav, a son of isaac, including his posterity

Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Genesis. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Genesis 36:12 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Genesis 36:12 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Deuteronomy 25:17-19Exodus 17:8-16Deuteronomy 23:7Genesis 36:221 Samuel 15:2-9Genesis 14:7

Test Your Knowledge

Genesis 36 QuizTest your knowledge of this chapterGenesis Book QuizComprehensive quiz for the entire book

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