King James Version

What Does Exodus 39:12 Mean?

Exodus 39:12 in the King James Version says “And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. — study this verse from Exodus chapter 39 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.

Exodus 39:12 · KJV


Context

10

And they set in it four rows of stones: the first row was a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this was the first row. sardius: or, ruby

11

And the second row, an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond.

12

And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.

13

And the fourth row, a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper: they were inclosed in ouches of gold in their inclosings.

14

And the stones were according to the names of the children of Israel, twelve , according to their names, like the engravings of a signet, every one with his name, according to the twelve tribes.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
The third row—ligure (לֶשֶׁם, leshem, possibly jacinth/amber), agate (שְׁבוֹ, shevo), and amethyst (אַחְלָמָה, achlamah, purple stone)—continues the prismatic display. Amethyst's purple hue connects to royalty; agate's banded patterns suggest covenant layers; ligure's warm glow may symbolize God's favor. The breastplate's twelve stones form a miniature representation of the twelve tribes, teaching that the high priest bore the entire covenant community constantly before God. This anticipates Christ's headship over His church—He knows, loves, and intercedes for each member individually.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

The twelve stones likely corresponded to the twelve tribes in birth order (as in v. 14), though the exact correlation between specific stones and tribes remains debated. The diversity of colors and types emphasized that each tribe had distinct identity within covenant unity.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the high priest bearing twelve distinct stones challenge individualism in modern Christianity?
  2. What does Christ's knowledge of each 'stone' in His breastplate reveal about His personal care for you?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 5 words
וְהַטּ֖וּר1 of 5

row

H2905

a row; hence, a wall

הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֑י2 of 5

And the third

H7992

third; feminine a third (part); by extension, a third (day, year or time); specifically, a third-story cell)

לֶ֥שֶׁם3 of 5

a ligure

H3958

a gem, perhaps the jacinth

שְׁב֖וֹ4 of 5

an agate

H7618

a gem (from its sparkle), probably the agate

וְאַחְלָֽמָה׃5 of 5

and an amethyst

H306

a gem, probably the amethyst


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 39:12 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Test Your Knowledge

Continue Your Study