King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 31:1 Mean?

Deuteronomy 31:1 in the King James Version says “And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel. — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 31 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.

Deuteronomy 31:1 · KJV


Context

1

And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.

2

And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.

3

The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel—the simplicity of this verse belies its gravity. Vayelekh Moshe ("And Moses went") uses the same verb that will describe his impending death (Deuteronomy 31:14, 32:50). At 120 years old, facing his final days, Moses delivers his farewell address to all Israel (כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל kol-Yisra'el), emphasizing covenant unity and collective responsibility.

This verse marks a transition from covenant exposition (chapters 5-30) to leadership transfer and prophetic witness (chapters 31-34). "These words" refers to the choice between life and death just articulated (30:15-20). Moses' final pastoral act is not administrative delegation but theological declaration—he speaks covenant truth to the entire assembly. Like Paul's farewell at Miletus (Acts 20:17-38), Moses' final words carry urgency, authority, and pastoral love for those he will soon leave behind.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Deuteronomy 31 begins Moses' final month of life (circa 1406 BC). Standing in the plains of Moab, within sight of the Promised Land he cannot enter, Moses prepares Israel for life without him. For forty years he has been their mediator, judge, and prophet. His farewell address establishes Torah in written form, appoints Joshua as successor, and prophesies Israel's future apostasy and restoration. This chapter parallels ancient Near Eastern testaments where patriarchs and leaders delivered deathbed instructions.

Reflection Questions

  1. What final words of spiritual instruction would you leave to those you shepherd if you knew your time was short?
  2. How does Moses' addressing 'all Israel' (not just leaders) model the communal nature of covenant faith?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 9 words
וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ1 of 9
H1980

to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)

מֹשֶׁ֑ה2 of 9

And Moses

H4872

mosheh, the israelite lawgiver

וַיְדַבֵּ֛ר3 of 9

and spake

H1696

perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue

אֶת4 of 9
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הַדְּבָרִ֥ים5 of 9

these words

H1697

a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause

הָאֵ֖לֶּה6 of 9
H428

these or those

אֶל7 of 9
H413

near, with or among; often in general, to

כָּל8 of 9
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃9 of 9

unto all Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 31:1 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

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