About Jonah

Jonah's story reveals God's mercy extending even to Israel's enemies and challenges narrow views of divine grace.

Author: JonahWritten: c. 785-760 BCReading time: ~2 minVerses: 17
CompassionObedienceMercyRepentanceUniversal GraceSovereignty

King James Version

Jonah 1

17 verses with commentary

Jonah Flees from the Lord

Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, Jonah: Gr. Jonas

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KJV Study Commentary

The book opens with the prophetic formula: "Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying." The Hebrew <em>vayhi devar-YHWH el-Yonah ben-Amittai lemor</em> (וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֶל־יוֹנָה בֶּן־אֲמִתַּי לֵאמֹר) establishes divine initiative—God speaks first. The verb <em>hayah</em> ("came") indicates that prophecy originates with God, not human imagination or religious intuit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

JONAH’S DISOBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT. (1) **Now** . . .—More strictly, *And*; but the English quite adequately represents the Hebrew style of beginning a narrative, whether it formed a book by itself, or merely continued an historical account. (See the opening of Exodus, Leviticus, and other historical books; Ezekiel 1:1; and comp. 1Kings 17:1, &c.) **Jonah the son of Amittai.—**See Introduction.

Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me.

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KJV Study Commentary

God's command is direct and shocking: "Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me." The Hebrew <em>qum lekh el-Nineveh ha'ir haggedolah uqera aleyha ki-aletah ra'atam lephanay</em> (קוּם לֵךְ אֶל־נִינְוֵה הָעִיר הַגְּדוֹלָה וּקְרָא עָלֶיהָ כִּי־עָלְתָה רָעָתָם לְפָנָי) sends an Israelite prophet to Israel's enemy—equivalent to sending a Hol...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Nineveh, that great city.—**The size of Nineveh is throughout the book brought into prominent notice. (See Jonah 3:2-3; Jonah 4:11.) The traditions preserved in Greek and Roman writers dwell on the same feature; and modern researches among the huge mounds scattered along the left bank of the Tigris more than confirm the impression produced on the ancient world by the city, or rather group of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 46 Eze 46:1-24. Continuation of the Ordinances for the Prince and for the People in Their Worship. 2. The prince is to go through the east gate without (open on the Sabbath only, to mark its peculiar sanctity) to the entrance of the gate of the inner court; he is to go no further, but "stand by the post" (compare 1Ki 8:14, 22, Solomon standing before the altar of the Lord in the presence ...
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But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

Jonah's response is immediate rebellion: "But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD." The Hebrew repeats "from the presence of the LORD" (<em>milifnei YHWH</em>, מִלִּפְנֵי יְהוָה) twice—emphasizi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **But Jonah rose up to flee.—**The motive of the prophet’s flight is given by himself (Jonah 4:2). He foresaw the repentance of the city, and the mercy which would be displayed towards it, and was either jealous of his prophetic reputation, or had a patriotic dislike of becoming a messenger of good to a heathen foe so formidable to his own country. **Tarshish.—**This can hardly be any other th...
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The Great Storm

But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken. sent out: Heb. cast forth was like: Heb. thought to be broken

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KJV Study Commentary

"But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken." This verse demonstrates God's sovereignty over creation. The Hebrew "sent out" (tul) means to hurl or throw—God actively hurls the wind. The "great wind" (ruach gedolah) and "mighty tempest" (sa'ar gadol) emphasize extraordinary intensity. This wasn't random weather...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Sent out.**—The Hebrew word (see margin, and comp. Jonah 1:5; Jonah 1:12; Jonah 1:15, where the same word is rendered “cast forth”) expresses the sudden burst of the storm. A squall struck the ship. The coast was well known to sailors as dangerous. (See Josephus, *Ant. xv.* 9, § 6, *B.* *J.* iii. 9. § 3.) **So that the ship was like to be broken.—**See margin for the literal expression, whic...
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Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.

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KJV Study Commentary

"Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them." The sailors' response shows genuine piety—they pray to their gods and take practical action (throwing cargo overboard). "But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep." The contrast is devastating: pagans pray e...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **And cried every man unto his god.**—If Phœnicians, the sailors would have their favourite deities in the national Pantheon; but they may have been a motley crew composed of various nationalities. For the panic comp. Psalm 107:23-30, and Shakespeare’s *Tempest,* “All lost! to prayers! to prayers, all lost!” **Wares.**—The Hebrew word is of general import for furniture of any kind, and so incl...
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So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not.

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KJV Study Commentary

"So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not." The pagan captain rebukes God's prophet—stunning role reversal. The question "What meanest thou, O sleeper?" expresses shock at Jonah's indifference. The command "arise, call upon thy God" assumes Jonah has special access to deity. Th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **The shipmaster** . . .—Literally, *the chief of those who work at the rope.* Jewish nautical terms are infrequent and therefore obscure. The word *mariners,* in Jonah 1:5, correctly renders a term which seems, from its use in Ezekiel 27:8; Ezekiel 27:27; Ezekiel 27:29, as well as from its derivation (from *salt;* comp. the term “old salts”), to denote seafaring men generally. “Those who work...
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And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.

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KJV Study Commentary

"And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah." Casting lots was common ancient practice for discerning divine will. Proverbs 16:33 states: "The lot is cast into the lap; but the whole disposing thereof is of the LORD." God sovereignly controlled the lots to identify Jonah. T...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Come, and let us cast lots**.—We are to suppose that Jonah, coming on deck in compliance with the captain’s request, adds his prayers to those of the crew. Finding all unavailing, the sailors propose recourse to the ancient custom of casting lots to discover the guilty person against whom the deities are so enraged. Classical authors as well as the Bible (comp. Joshua 7:14, *seq.*; 1Samuel 1...
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Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou?

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KJV Study Commentary

The sailors interrogate Jonah: "Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou?" They ask five questions seeking to understand this mysterious passenger who caused their crisis. Their approach is reasonable and measured—not violent but inquisitive. Verse 9's res...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **For whose cause** . . .—The Hebrew idiom is peculiar, *on account of which to whom;* but in this verse, when addressed by the sailors to the prophet, it is expressed in a more elegant form than when used to each other in the preceding verse, one among many touches marking the artistic perfection of this narrative. It is true some MSS. omit this repetition of the question, and it is therefore...
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And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land. the LORD: or, JEHOVAH

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KJV Study Commentary

Jonah's confession: "And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land." This statement is theologically orthodox and evangelistically powerful. Jonah identifies as Hebrew ('Ibri), his ethnicity. He claims to "fear the LORD" (yare' 'eth-YHWH)—worship with reverence. He identifies God as "the God of heaven" ('Elohey hashamayim), ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **And he said** . . .—“The emergency recalls Jonah to his true self. All the better part of his character now comes out. His conduct throughout the remainder of the chapter is dignified and manly, worthy of a servant and prophet of Jehovah” (Perowne). **I am a Hebrew**.—The original order is more striking, *A Hebrew I.* The LXX. read, “a servant of the Lord.” **Which hath made **. . .—These wo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

9. The worshippers were on the great feasts to pass from one side to the other, through the temple courts, in order that, in such a throng as should attend the festivals, the ingress and egress should be the more unimpeded, those going out not being in the way of those coming in.

Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him, Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them. exceedingly: Heb. with great fear

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KJV Study Commentary

The sailors' response: "Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him, Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them." The phrase "exceedingly afraid" (yir'u yir'ah gedolah) literally means "feared a great fear"—Hebrew superlative indicating terror. These pagan sailors understood immediately: you don't flee from the univers...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Why hast**.—Rather, *What is this that thou hast done? *The question expresses horror, not curiosity. **For the men knew that**.—Jonah’s answer in Jonah 1:9 is evidently intended only as an abbreviation of what he actually replied.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10. prince in the midst--**not isolated as at other times, but joining the great throng of worshippers, at their head, after the example of David (Psa 42:4, "I had gone with the multitude ... to the house of God, with the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that kept holy day"); the highest in rank animating the devotions of the rest by his presence and example.

Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous. may: Heb. may be silent from us wrought: or, grew more and more tempestuous: Heb. went

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous.</strong> This verse captures the pagan sailors' desperate recognition that Jonah's God controls the storm. The phrase "the sea wrought" (<em>holek vesoer</em>, הוֹלֵךְ וְסֹעֵר) literally means "going and storming"—a Hebrew construction indicating intensification....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **What shall we.—**The prophet would of course know how to appease the God he had displeased. **May be calm unto us**.—See margin. The word rendered *calm* occurs (Psalm 107:30) of a *lull* after a storm, and in Proverbs 26:20 metaphorically, of *peace* after strife. **Wrought, and was tempestuous.—**Literally, *was going, and being agitated*; an idiom rightly explained in the margin. (Comp. ...
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And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you.

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KJV Study Commentary

Jonah's solution: "And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you." Jonah accepts responsibility and proposes self-sacrifice. The phrase "I know" (yode'a 'ani) indicates certainty—he understands his guilt and the solution. His willingness to die rather than repent reveals the depth of ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **Cast me forth into the sea.—**There was no need of prophetic inspiration to enable Jonah to pass this sentence upon himself. He is too manly not to prefer to perish without involving others in his ruin.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12-15. Not only is he to perform official acts of worship on holy days and feasts, but in "voluntary" offerings daily he is to show his individual zeal, surpassing all his people in liberality, and so setting them a princely example.

Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them. rowed: Heb. digged wrought: or, grew more and more tempestuous: Heb. went

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them.</strong> The sailors' response reveals extraordinary compassion—instead of immediately throwing Jonah overboard, they "rowed hard" (<em>vayachteru ha'anashim</em>, וַיַּחְתְּרוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים) to save both him and themselves. The verb <em>chatar</em> (חָתַר) mea...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Rowed hard.—**This is a sufficient rendering of *the* Hebrew verb, though it misses the metaphor. In every other instance of its use the word refers to the violence employed in breaking through a wall or enclosure. (See Ezekiel 8:8; Ezekiel 12:5; Ezekiel 12:7; Job 24:16; Amos 9:2; and compare the use of the derivative noun in Exodus 22:2; Jeremiah 2:34.) The figure of forcing the ship throu...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12-15. Not only is he to perform official acts of worship on holy days and feasts, but in "voluntary" offerings daily he is to show his individual zeal, surpassing all his people in liberality, and so setting them a princely example.

Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased thee.</strong> Having exhausted human effort (verse 13), the sailors turn to Jonah's God in desperate prayer. "They cried unto the LORD" (<em>vayiqre'u el-YHWH</em>, וַיִּקְרְאוּ אֶל־יְהו...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Wherefore they cried unto the Lord.—**There is presented here, as throughout the book, a strong contrast between the readiness of the heathen to receive religious impressions, and the stubbornness and obstinacy of Israel. **For this man’s life** . . .—*i.e.,* for taking it. The *law of retaliation* was as familiar to them as to the Hebrews (Deuteronomy 19:21). (Comp. 2Samuel 14:7.) **For th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12-15. Not only is he to perform official acts of worship on holy days and feasts, but in "voluntary" offerings daily he is to show his individual zeal, surpassing all his people in liberality, and so setting them a princely example.

So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging. ceased: Heb. stood

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging.</strong> The sailors execute Jonah's instruction (1:12) with evident reluctance after prayer (1:14). "They took up Jonah" (<em>vayis'u et-Yonah</em>, וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת־יוֹנָה) uses <em>nasa</em> (נָשָׂא), meaning to lift, bear, or carry—the same verb used for bearing sin (Isaiah 53:4, 12). Though unin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **Raging.**—Comp. *maris ira,* Ovid. *Met.* i. 330; *iratum mare,* Hor. *Epod.* ii.57. “At whose burden The angered ocean foams.” SHAKESPEARE: *Ant. and Cleop.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12-15. Not only is he to perform official acts of worship on holy days and feasts, but in "voluntary" offerings daily he is to show his individual zeal, surpassing all his people in liberality, and so setting them a princely example.

Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly , and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows. offered: Heb. sacrifice unto the LORD, and vowed vows

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows.</strong> The sailors' response to the miracle constitutes genuine conversion. "The men feared the LORD exceedingly" (<em>vayir'u ha'anashim yir'ah gedolah et-YHWH</em>, וַיִּירְאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים יִרְאָה גְדוֹלָה אֶת־יְהוָה) uses the same intensive construction as verse 10 ("feared a great fear"). ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Offered.—**There may have been some live-stock on board suitable for sacrifice; but the offering could only be completed on landing, wherefore they *made vows.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

16-18. The prince's possession is to be inalienable, and any portion given to a servant is to revert to his sons at the year of jubilee, that he may have no temptation to spoil his people of their inheritance, as formerly (compare Ahab and Naboth, 1Ki 21:1-29). The mention of the year of jubilee implies that there is something literal meant, besides the spiritual sense. The jubilee year was restor...
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Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. belly: Heb. bowels

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse records God's rescue mission: "Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights." The Hebrew <em>vayeman YHWH dag gadol livlo'a et-Yonah vayehi Yonah bimei hadag sheloshah yamim usheloshah leilot</em> (וַיְמַן יְהוָה דָּג גָּדוֹל לִבְלֹעַ אֶת־יוֹנָה וַיְהִי יוֹנָה בִּמְעֵי הַדָּג שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה ל...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **Now the Lord.**—In the Hebrew, Jonah 2 commences with this verse. **Had prepared.—**The pluperfect is misleading. Render *appointed,* and comp. Jonah 4:6-8, where the same word is used of the *gourd,* the *worm,* and the *east wind.* The Authorised version renders the word accurately in Job 7:3; Daniel 1:5-10. Previous special *preparation* is not implied, still less *creation* for the part...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

16-18. The prince's possession is to be inalienable, and any portion given to a servant is to revert to his sons at the year of jubilee, that he may have no temptation to spoil his people of their inheritance, as formerly (compare Ahab and Naboth, 1Ki 21:1-29). The mention of the year of jubilee implies that there is something literal meant, besides the spiritual sense. The jubilee year was restor...
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