King James Version

What Does Judges 21:18 Mean?

Judges 21:18 in the King James Version says “Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that gi... — study this verse from Judges chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.

Judges 21:18 · KJV


Context

16

Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?

17

And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel.

18

Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.

19

Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the LORD in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah. yearly: Heb. from year to year on the east: or, toward the sunrising of the highway: or, on the highway

20

Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards;


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin. The phrase we may not give them wives (lo nukhal latet lahem nashim, לֹא נוּכַל לָתֵת לָהֶם נָשִׁים) expresses their perceived impossibility—not God's command, but their own rash oath now binding them. The curse (arur, אָרוּר) pronounced against anyone giving daughters to Benjamin was the same strong covenant curse formula used against violating God's law (Deuteronomy 27:15-26). They had invested a human decision with the weight of divine sanction.

From a Reformed perspective, this verse illustrates the danger of extra-biblical vows that bind the conscience beyond Scripture's requirements. Jesus warned against elaborate oath-taking: "Let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil" (Matthew 5:37). The Westminster Confession (22.7) states that "no man may vow to do any thing forbidden in the Word of God... or what would hinder any duty therein commanded." Israel's oath hindered the duty of covenant reconciliation and restoration.

The tragic irony is that they treated this human oath as inviolable while finding loopholes to circumvent it—they wouldn't "give" daughters but would condone kidnapping them. This casuistry reveals the Pharisaical mindset Jesus condemned: straining at gnats while swallowing camels (Matthew 23:24). True obedience requires recognizing when commitments contradict God's revealed will and humbly confessing error rather than seeking technical compliance through greater sin.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Oath-taking in ancient Israel carried profound significance, invoking God's name as witness and guarantor (Leviticus 19:12). Breaking oaths was considered serious sin, yet the Torah provided procedures for dealing with rash or sinful vows. Numbers 30 outlines authority to annul vows under certain conditions, and Leviticus 5:4-6 addresses unwise oaths, requiring confession and sacrifice. The elders could have sought the high priest's counsel about this oath, but instead pursued schemes to keep it technically while violating its spirit.

The "cursed be" (arur) formula was used in covenant renewal ceremonies where Israel affirmed allegiance to God's law (Deuteronomy 27:15-26, Joshua 8:34). Applying this solemn formula to refusing reconciliation with Benjamin perverted its purpose. The oath revealed Israel's excessive zeal and self-righteousness—they presumed to pronounce covenant curses on matters God's law didn't address. This foreshadows the Pharisees' tradition of Corban, where religious vows excused breaking the fifth commandment (Mark 7:9-13).

Reflection Questions

  1. What extra-biblical commitments or traditions have you treated as binding on conscience beyond Scripture's requirements?
  2. How does seeking loopholes to avoid breaking foolish vows actually compound sin rather than demonstrating faithfulness?
  3. When have you confused your own convictions or decisions with God's authoritative commands, binding yourself or others unnecessarily?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 16 words
וַֽאֲנַ֗חְנוּ1 of 16
H587

we

לֹ֥א2 of 16
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

נוּכַ֛ל3 of 16

Howbeit we may

H3201

to be able, literally (can, could) or morally (may, might)

נֹתֵ֥ן4 of 16

be he that giveth

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

לָהֶ֥ם5 of 16
H0
אִשָּׁ֖ה6 of 16

a wife

H802

a woman

מִבְּנוֹתֵ֑ינוּ7 of 16

of our daughters

H1323

a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)

כִּֽי8 of 16
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

נִשְׁבְּע֤וּ9 of 16

have sworn

H7650

to seven oneself, i.e., swear (as if by repeating a declaration seven times)

בְנֵֽי10 of 16

for the children

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

יִשְׂרָאֵל֙11 of 16

of Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

לֵאמֹ֔ר12 of 16

saying

H559

to say (used with great latitude)

אָר֕וּר13 of 16

Cursed

H779

to execrate

נֹתֵ֥ן14 of 16

be he that giveth

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

אִשָּׁ֖ה15 of 16

a wife

H802

a woman

לְבִנְיָמִֽן׃16 of 16

to Benjamin

H1144

binjamin, youngest son of jacob; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Judges. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Judges 21:18 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Judges 21:18 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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