King James Version

What Does Jonah 3:5 Mean?

Jonah 3:5 in the King James Version says “So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to th... — study this verse from Jonah chapter 3 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them.

Jonah 3:5 · KJV


Context

3

So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days' journey. exceeding: Heb. of God

4

And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown.

5

So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them.

6

For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth, and sat in ashes.

7

And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: published: Heb. said nobles: Heb. great men


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. The response is immediate and total. The Hebrew vaya'aminu anshei Nineveh be'Elohim vayyiqre'u-tzom vayyilbeshu saqqim miggdolam ve'ad-qetanam (וַיַּאֲמִינוּ אַנְשֵׁי נִינְוֵה בֵּאלֹהִים וַיִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם וַיִּלְבְּשׁוּ שַׂקִּים מִגְּדוֹלָם וְעַד־קְטַנָּם) describes unprecedented revival.

"The people of Nineveh believed God" (vaya'aminu anshei Nineveh be'Elohim) uses aman (אָמַן), the root meaning to believe, trust, or have faith—the same verb describing Abraham's faith counted as righteousness (Genesis 15:6). These pagans believed God's word through Jonah without signs, miracles, or extensive teaching. Their faith parallels Jesus's commendation of the Roman centurion: "I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel" (Matthew 8:10).

"Proclaimed a fast" (vayyiqre'u-tzom) indicates public, corporate response. Fasting signified mourning, repentance, and urgent prayer—humbling oneself before God. "Put on sackcloth" (vayyilbeshu saqqim) meant wearing coarse goat-hair garments symbolizing grief and penitence. Sackcloth was standard mourning attire (Genesis 37:34, 2 Samuel 3:31, Joel 1:13).

"From the greatest of them even to the least" (miggdolam ve'ad-qetanam) emphasizes comprehensive, cross-class participation. Every social stratum—nobles, merchants, laborers, slaves—responded identically. This contrasts with Israel's frequent pattern where prophets were rejected and only remnants believed. Jesus noted this irony: "The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here" (Matthew 12:41).

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern cultures regularly practiced fasting and sackcloth as expressions of mourning and repentance. Assyrian texts mention similar practices during times of crisis or divine disfavor. What's remarkable here isn't the cultural practice but the theological content—Ninevites believed in Yahweh, the God of Israel, based solely on a Hebrew prophet's five-word warning. No previous relationship, no prior revelation, no covenant history—just immediate faith response to God's word. This demonstrates the universal human capacity to recognize and respond to divine truth when confronted with it. Romans 1:19-20 affirms this: God's existence and power are evident to all people through creation and conscience.

Reflection Questions

  1. What does Nineveh's immediate, comprehensive repentance reveal about the convicting power of God's word?
  2. How does their response challenge modern assumptions that extensive teaching or cultural preparation is necessary before faith?
  3. In what ways does Nineveh's belief condemn nominal religiosity among those raised with more spiritual privilege?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 11 words
וַֽיַּאֲמִ֛ינוּ1 of 11

believed

H539

properly, to build up or support; to foster as a parent or nurse; figuratively to render (or be) firm or faithful, to trust or believe, to be permanen

אַנְשֵׁ֥י2 of 11
H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

נִֽינְוֵ֖ה3 of 11

of Nineveh

H5210

nineveh, the capital of assyria

בֵּֽאלֹהִ֑ים4 of 11

God

H430

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of

וַיִּקְרְאוּ5 of 11

and proclaimed

H7121

to call out to (i.e., properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)

צוֹם֙6 of 11

a fast

H6685

a fast

וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ7 of 11

and put

H3847

properly, wrap around, i.e., (by implication) to put on a garment or clothe (oneself, or another), literally or figuratively

שַׂקִּ֔ים8 of 11

on sackcloth

H8242

properly, a mesh (as allowing a liquid to run through), i.e., coarse loose cloth or sacking (used in mourning and for bagging); hence, a bag (for grai

מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם9 of 11

from the greatest

H1419

great (in any sense); hence, older; also insolent

וְעַד10 of 11
H5704

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

קְטַנָּֽם׃11 of 11

of them even to the least

H6996

abbreviated, i.e., diminutive, literally (in quantity, size or number) or figuratively (in age or importance)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Jonah. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Jonah 3:5 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Jonah 3:5 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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