King James Version

What Does Job 31:1 Mean?

Job 31:1 in the King James Version says “I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid? — study this verse from Job chapter 31 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid?

Job 31:1 · KJV


Context

1

I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid?

2

For what portion of God is there from above? and what inheritance of the Almighty from on high?

3

Is not destruction to the wicked? and a strange punishment to the workers of iniquity?


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Job declares: 'I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid?' The phrase karati verit le-eynay (כָּרַתִּי בְרִית לְעֵינָי, I made a covenant with mine eyes) uses covenantal language for personal discipline. The verb hitbonen (הִתְבּוֹנֵן, think upon) means to consider or gaze at with desire. Betulah (בְּתוּלָה, maid) refers to a virgin or young woman. Job's covenant with his eyes addresses lustful thoughts, anticipating Jesus's teaching about adultery of the heart (Matthew 5:28). The verse models proactive holiness—Job didn't merely avoid external adultery but guarded his thought life.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes primarily addressed external actions. Job's concern with internal purity (thoughts and desires) reflects the biblical emphasis on heart holiness. This oath begins chapter 31's extended defense where Job invokes curses upon himself if guilty of various sins. The covenant with his eyes demonstrates that genuine righteousness addresses not just behavior but desire.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does Job's covenant with his eyes challenge us to guard not just actions but thoughts and desires?
  2. What does Job's proactive holiness teach about cultivating purity rather than merely avoiding external sin?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 7 words
בְּ֭רִית1 of 7

a covenant

H1285

a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)

כָּרַ֣תִּי2 of 7

I made

H3772

to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt

לְעֵינָ֑י3 of 7

with mine eyes

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

וּמָ֥ה4 of 7
H4100

properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and

אֶ֝תְבּוֹנֵ֗ן5 of 7

why then should I think

H995

to separate mentally (or distinguish), i.e., (generally) understand

עַל6 of 7
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

בְּתוּלָֽה׃7 of 7

upon a maid

H1330

a virgin (from her privacy); sometimes (by continuation) a bride; also (figuratively) a city or state


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Job. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Job 31:1 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Job 31:1 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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