King James Version

What Does Jeremiah 34:18 Mean?

And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant, which have not performed the words of the covenant which they had made before me, when they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof,

Jeremiah 34:18 · KJV


Context

16

But ye turned and polluted my name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom ye had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection, to be unto you for servants and for handmaids.

17

Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ye have not hearkened unto me, in proclaiming liberty, every one to his brother, and every man to his neighbour: behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the LORD, to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine; and I will make you to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. to be: Heb. for a removing

18

And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant, which have not performed the words of the covenant which they had made before me, when they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof,

19

The princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, which passed between the parts of the calf;

20

I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life: and their dead bodies shall be for meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and to the beasts of the earth.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
When they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof (כָּרַת הָעֵגֶל, karat ha-egel)—"cut the calf." This describes the ancient covenant ratification ceremony from Genesis 15:9-21, where God Himself passed between severed animal parts in fire and smoke. The ritual's meaning: "May I be torn apart like these animals if I break this covenant." When Jeremiah's contemporaries cut the calf and walked between the pieces (v. 19 specifies who participated), they invoked self-cursing oaths, calling down covenant judgment upon themselves if they violated their sworn commitment.

The Hebrew verb karat ("cut") is the standard term for making covenants, preserving this bloody ritual's memory in covenant language itself. Ancient Near Eastern treaties employed similar ceremonies—vassals would dismember animals while swearing loyalty, understanding the symbolism: covenant breaking brings death. Israel's leaders re-enacted this with full knowledge of the implications, making their subsequent covenant violation (re-enslaving freed servants) not mere disobedience but covenant treason deserving death.

This foreshadows Christ's covenant-making blood. Hebrews 9:15-22 explains: "without shedding of blood is no remission." Jesus became the covenant victim, torn apart that covenant breakers might be forgiven. The Old Testament's bloody covenant ceremonies point forward to Calvary, where God in Christ took the covenant curse upon Himself. Unlike Jeremiah's generation, who broke covenant and faced judgment, believers stand forgiven because Christ bore the covenant curse in our place.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This ceremony occurred during the brief Babylonian siege lifting (34:21-22), when Zedekiah and Jerusalem's leaders made a covenant to free Hebrew slaves, probably hoping God would deliver them from Babylon. They performed the ancient ritual publicly, likely in the temple precincts, invoking solemn oaths. When Babylon temporarily withdrew, they immediately re-enslaved those freed (34:11), treating God's covenant as a superstitious bargaining chip rather than binding obligation. This cynical manipulation sealed Jerusalem's doom.

Reflection Questions

  1. How do you respond when God's 'lifting the siege' (temporary relief) tempts you to abandon vows made in crisis?
  2. In what ways might we treat covenant commitments (baptism, church membership, marriage) as negotiable rather than life-or-death serious?
  3. How should meditation on Christ bearing the covenant curse affect your faithfulness to covenant commitments?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 22 words
וְנָתַתִּ֣י1 of 22

And I will give

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

אֶת2 of 22
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים3 of 22
H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

וַיַּעַבְר֖וּ4 of 22

and passed

H5674

to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in

אֶת5 of 22
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הַבְּרִ֔ית6 of 22

my covenant

H1285

a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)

אֲשֶׁ֤ר7 of 22
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

לֹֽא8 of 22
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

הֵקִ֙ימוּ֙9 of 22

which have not performed

H6965

to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)

אֶת10 of 22
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

דִּבְרֵ֣י11 of 22

the words

H1697

a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause

הַבְּרִ֔ית12 of 22

my covenant

H1285

a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)

אֲשֶׁ֥ר13 of 22
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

כָּרְת֣וּ14 of 22

me when they cut

H3772

to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt

לְפָנָ֑י15 of 22

before

H6440

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi

הָעֵ֙גֶל֙16 of 22

the calf

H5695

a (male) calf (as frisking round), especially one nearly grown (i.e., a steer)

אֲשֶׁ֣ר17 of 22
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

כָּרְת֣וּ18 of 22

me when they cut

H3772

to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt

לִשְׁנַ֔יִם19 of 22

in twain

H8147

two; also (as ordinal) twofold

וַיַּעַבְר֖וּ20 of 22

and passed

H5674

to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in

בֵּ֥ין21 of 22
H996

between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either...or

בְּתָרָֽיו׃22 of 22

between the parts

H1335

a section


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Jeremiah. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Jeremiah 34:18 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Jeremiah 34:18 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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