King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 22:23 Mean?

Deuteronomy 22:23 in the King James Version says “If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her; — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 22 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;

Deuteronomy 22:23 · KJV


Context

21

Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you.

22

If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.

23

If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;

24

Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you.

25

But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die: force: or, take strong hold of


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her—this case addresses consensual sexual relations with a betrothed woman, indicated by the location (בָּעִיר, ba-ir, in the city) where help was available. The verb matsa (מָצָא, to find) combined with the city setting implies opportunity, not force.

Betrothal (me'orasah, מְאֹרָשָׂה) in ancient Israel was legally binding, equivalent to marriage except for cohabitation. Sexual relations with a betrothed woman violated both her future husband's rights and the covenant structure protecting family integrity. The assumption of consent (she did not cry out) distinguishes this from verse 25.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Betrothal in ancient Near Eastern culture was a formal contractual arrangement, typically involving bride price (mohar) paid to the father. Unlike modern engagement, betrothal created legal obligations enforceable by death penalty for sexual infidelity. This law protected both the woman's family honor and the stability of covenant marriage.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does God's design for covenant faithfulness in marriage reflect His own covenant faithfulness to His people?
  2. What does this law reveal about the seriousness with which God views sexual purity and covenant commitment?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 11 words
כִּ֤י1 of 11
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יִֽהְיֶה֙2 of 11
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

נַֽעֲרָ֣3 of 11

If a damsel

H5291

a girl (from infancy to adolescence)

בְתוּלָ֔ה4 of 11

that is a virgin

H1330

a virgin (from her privacy); sometimes (by continuation) a bride; also (figuratively) a city or state

מְאֹֽרָשָׂ֖ה5 of 11

be betrothed

H781

to promise to marry

אִ֛ישׁ6 of 11

and a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

וּמְצָאָ֥הּ7 of 11

find

H4672

properly, to come forth to, i.e., appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e., find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present

אִ֛ישׁ8 of 11

and a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

בָּעִ֖יר9 of 11

her in the city

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

וְשָׁכַ֥ב10 of 11

and lie

H7901

to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)

עִמָּֽהּ׃11 of 11
H5973

adverb or preposition, with (i.e., in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 22:23 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Deuteronomy 22:23 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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