About Lamentations

Lamentations is a collection of funeral poems mourning the destruction of Jerusalem, yet finding hope in God's faithfulness.

Author: JeremiahWritten: c. 586 BCReading time: ~3 minVerses: 22
GriefJudgmentFaithfulnessHopeConfessionPrayer

King James Version

Lamentations 2

22 verses with commentary

The Lord's Anger Against Jerusalem

How hath the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel, and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger!

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KJV Study Commentary

The chapter opens with God's active judgment: "How hath the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger" (<em>yakib be-apo</em>, יָעִיב בְּאַפּוֹ). The verb <em>akib</em> means to darken or cover with clouds, suggesting obscured vision and lost glory. In Exodus, God's cloud signified presence and guidance (Exodus 13:21-22), but here it represents wrath. When God's people forsake Hi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

II. (1) **How hath the Lord . . .**—The second dirge follows the pattern of the first, opening with a description of the sufferings of Jerusalem, (Lamentations 2:1-10), and closing with a dramatic soliloquy spoken as by the daughter of Zion (Lamentations 2:11-22). The image that floats before the poet’s mind is that of a dark thunder-cloud breaking into a tempest, which overthrows the “beauty of I...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

3. From the thirteenth year of Josiah, in which Jeremiah began to prophesy (Jr 1:1), to the end of Josiah's reign, was nineteen years (2Ki 22:1); the three months 2 Kings 23. 31) of Jehoahaz' reign, with the not quite complete four years of Jehoiakim (Jr 25:1), added to the nineteen years, make up twenty-three years in all.

The Lord hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof. brought: Heb. made to touch

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KJV Study Commentary

The verse begins with uncompromising language: "The Lord hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied" (<em>bila Adonai lo chamal et kol-nevot Ya'akov</em>). The verb <em>bala</em> (בָּלַע, "swallowed") appears also in verse 5—it suggests complete consumption like a monster devouring prey. The phrase "hath not pitied" (<em>lo chamal</em>, לֹא חָמַל) emphasizes God's delibera...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **The habitations of Jacob . . .**—The term is used primarily for the dwellings of shepherds, and it accordingly stands here for the open unwalled villages as contrasted with the fortified towns that are here mentioned. **He hath polluted the kingdom.**—See Psalm 89:39. The term involves the thought that it had been a consecrated thing. It had become unclean, first through the sins, and then t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. rising early--**(See on Jr 7:13). "The prophets" refer to Urijah, Zephaniah, Habakkuk, &amp;c. It aggravates their sin, that God sent not merely one but many messengers, and those messengers, prophets; and, that during all those years specified, Jeremiah and his fellow prophets spared no effort, late and early.

He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about.

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KJV Study Commentary

One of Scripture's most terrifying images: "He hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy" (<em>heshiv achor yemino mipnei oyev</em>, הֵשִׁיב אָחוֹר יְמִינוֹ מִפְּנֵי אוֹיֵב). God's right hand symbolizes power, deliverance, and covenant protection (Exodus 15:6, 12, Psalm 20:6, 89:13). Throughout Israel's history, God's right hand fought for them. Now it's withdrawn, leaving them defensel...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **All the horn of Israel . . .**—The horn, as elsewhere (1Samuel 2:1; Psalm 92:10; Psalm 112:9), is the symbol of strength, aggressive or defensive, and may therefore stand here for every element of strength, warriors, rulers, fortresses. **He burned against Jacob.**—Better, *And He kindled a burning; i.e., *was as one who applies the torch.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. Turn ... dwell--**In Hebrew there is expressed by sameness of sounds the correspondence between their turning to God and God's turning to them to permit them to dwell in their land: Shubu ... shebu, "Return" ... so shall ye "remain." **every one from ... evil--**Each must separately repent and turn from his own sin. None is excepted, lest they should think their guilt extenuated because the...
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He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire. all: Heb. all the desirable of the eye

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KJV Study Commentary

A terrifying image: "He hath bent his bow like an enemy" (<em>darakh kasho ke-oyev</em>, דָּרַךְ קַשְׁתּוֹ כְּאוֹיֵב). God assumes the posture of a warrior attacking His own people. The term <em>oyev</em> (אוֹיֵב, "enemy") shocks—the covenant LORD treating Israel as an enemy. "Stood with his right hand as an adversary" (<em>nitsav yemino ke-tsar</em>) continues the military imagery. God's right ha...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **He stood with his right hand . . .**—The point of the phrase is that the “right hand,” the natural symbol of divine power, which had been of old stretched forth to protect, was now seen shooting the arrows and wielding the sword of vengeance. **Slew all that were pleasant . . .**—Better, “*Destroyed *ail that *was *pleasant,” the destruction including not only warriors and youths, but everyt...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

6. He instances one sin, idolatry, as representative of all their sins; as nothing is dearer to God than a pure worship of Himself.

The Lord was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.

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KJV Study Commentary

One of Scripture's most disturbing statements appears here: "The Lord was as an enemy" (<em>hayah Adonai ke-oyev</em>, הָיָה אֲדֹנָי כְּאוֹיֵב). The covenant LORD (<em>Adonai</em>) who promised to fight for Israel (Exodus 14:14, Deuteronomy 1:30) now fights against her. The preposition <em>ke</em> ("as, like") suggests comparison, yet the actions described are unmistakably hostile: He "swallowed u...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **Her palaces: . . . his strong holds . . .**—The change of gender is remarkable, probably rising from the fact that the writer thought of the “palaces” in connection with the “daughters of Zion,” and of the “strong holds” in connection with the land or people. A like combination is found in Hosea 8:14. **Mourning and lamentation.**—The two Hebrew nouns are formed from the same root, and have ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

7. Though ye provoke Me to anger (De 32:21), yet it is not I, but yourselves, whom ye thereby hurt (Pr 8:36; 20:2).

And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest. tabernacle: or, hedge

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KJV Study Commentary

God's actions against His own sanctuary appear shocking: "He hath violently taken away his tabernacle" (<em>vayachmos kaggn sukkoh</em>, וַיַּחְמֹס כַּגַּן שֻׂכּוֹ). The verb <em>chamas</em> (חָמַס) means to treat violently, wrong, or do violence—the same root used for the earth being "filled with violence" before the Flood (Genesis 6:11, 13). God Himself acts with violence against His own dwellin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **He hath violently taken away his tabernacle . . .**—The noun represents a “booth” or “shed,” like those erected in the Feast of Tabernacles. Jehovah is represented as laying waste that “tabernacle,” *i.e., *His own temple, as a man might remove a temporary shed from an orchard or garden. **His places of the assembly.**—The noun is the same as that rendered “solemn feasts” in the next clause....
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The Lord hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary, he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces; they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a solemn feast. given up: Heb. shut up

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KJV Study Commentary

The desecration of worship continues: "The Lord hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary" (<em>zanach Adonai mizbecho ni'er mikdasho</em>, זָנַח אֲדֹנָי מִזְבְּחוֹ נִאֵר מִקְדָּשׁוֹ). The verb <em>zanach</em> (זָנַח, "cast off, reject") and <em>na'ar</em> (נִאֵר, "abhor, spurn") are strong terms expressing divine repudiation. God rejects His own altar and sanctuary—institutions He o...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Hath cast off . . . hath abhorred.**—The two verbs are used in a like context in Psalm 89:38. **His sanctuary.**—The word points to the Holy of Holies, and “the walls of her palaces” are therefore those of the Temple rather than of the city. **They have made a noise.**—The shouts of the enemies in their triumph, perhaps even the shouts of their worship, had taken the place of the hallelujahs...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. the north--**(see on Jr 1:14, 15). The Medes and other northern peoples, confederate with Babylon, are included with the Chaldeans. **my servant--**My agent for punishing (Jr 27:6; 43:10; compare Jr 40:2). Compare Is 44:28; Cyrus, "My shepherd." God makes even unbelievers unconsciously to fulfil His designs. A reproof to the Jews, who boasted that they were the servants of God; yet a heathe...
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The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament; they languished together. destroying: Heb. swallowing up

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KJV Study Commentary

God's determined judgment: "The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion" (<em>chashav YHWH lehashkhit chomat bat-Tsiyon</em>). The verb <em>chashav</em> (חָשַׁב, "purposed, planned, devised") shows deliberate divine intention, not impulsive anger. "He hath stretched out a line" (<em>natah kav</em>)—builders used measuring lines for construction; here God uses one for demolit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **He hath stretched out a line.**—The phrase implies (See Notes on 2Kings 21:13; Isaiah 34:11; Amos 7:7) the systematic thoroughness of the work of destruction. **He made the rampart.**—Even the very stones of the walls of Zion are thought of as “crying out” and wailing over their own downfall. (Comp. Habakkuk 2:11; Luke 19:40.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

10. (Jr 7:34; Re 18:23). The land shall be so desolated that even in the houses left standing there shall be no inhabitant; a terrible stillness shall prevail; no sound of the hand-mill (two circular stones, one above the other, for grinding corn, worked by two women, Ex 11:5; Mt 24:41; in daily use in every house, and therefore forbidden to be taken in pledge, De 24:6); no night-light, so univers...
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Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

The verse catalogs Jerusalem's comprehensive ruin: "Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars" (<em>tave'u va'arets she'areha ibed veshikbar beriyheha</em>). Gates represented a city's strength and security. The phrase "sunk into the ground" suggests not just destruction but burial—gates collapsed and covered by debris. The broken bars (<em>beriyheha</em>) that secu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **Her gates . . .**—The picture of ruin is completed. The gates are broken, and hidden by heaps of rubbish as if they had been buried in the earth; they cannot be closed, for the bars are gone. King and princes are captives to the Chaldæans. The Law was practically repealed, for the conditions of its observance were absent, and prophecy had become a thing of the past. The outward desolation wa...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. seventy years--**(Jr 27:7). The exact number of years of Sabbaths in four hundred ninety years, the period from Saul to the Babylonian captivity; righteous retribution for their violation of the Sabbath (Le 26:34, 35; 2Ch 36:21). The seventy years probably begin from the fourth year of Jehoiakim, when Jerusalem was first captured, and many captives, as well as the treasures of the temple, we...
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The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.

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KJV Study Commentary

Corporate mourning rituals: "The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence" (<em>yeshvu la-arets yidmu ziknei bat-Tsiyon</em>, יֵשְׁבוּ לָאָרֶץ יִדְּמוּ זִקְנֵי בַת־צִיּוֹן). Sitting on the ground signifies grief (Job 2:8, 13). The verb <em>damam</em> (דָּמַם, "be silent") suggests grief so profound that words fail. "They have cast up dust upon their heads" (<em>he'elu a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **The elders of the daughter of Zion . . .**—The despondency of the people is indicated by the outward signs of woe. Instead of taking counsel for the emergency, the elders sit, like Job’s friends (Job 2:11-13), as if the evil were inevitable. The maidens, who had once joined with timbrels and dances in festive processions, walk to and fro with downcast eyes.

Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of the city. swoon: or, faint

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Mine eyes do fail with tears</strong> (כָּלוּ בַדְּמָעוֹת עֵינַי, kalu vademot einai)—The Hebrew verb 'kalu' means 'to be finished, spent, consumed'—total emotional and physical exhaustion from weeping. <strong>My bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth</strong> uses visceral Hebrew idiom: 'bowels' (מֵעַי, meay) represents the seat of emotions, while 'liver' (כָּבֵד, kaved) ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **My liver is poured upon the earth . . .**—The phrase is not found elsewhere, but admits of an easy explanation. The “liver,” like the “heart” and the “bowels,” is thought of as the centre of all intense emotions, both of joy or sorrow (Proverbs 7:23). As such it is represented as giving way without restraint (comp. Lamentations 2:19), under the pressure of the horror caused by the calamitie...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. all ... written in this book, which Jeremiah ... prophesied against all ... nations--**It follows from this, that the prophecies against foreign nations (forty-sixth through fifty-first chapters) must have been already written. Hence the Septuagint inserts here those prophecies. But if they had followed immediately (Jr 25:13), there would have been no propriety in the observation in the vers...
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They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom.

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KJV Study Commentary

Children's suffering intensifies tragedy: "They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine?" (<em>le-imotam yomru ayeh dagan vayayin</em>). <em>Dagan</em> (דָּגָן, grain) and <em>yayin</em> (יַיִן, wine) represent basic sustenance. Children asking mothers for food that doesn't exist portrays heartbreaking helplessness. "When they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city" (<em>be-hit'ata...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **They say . . .**—The words seem to paint what was actually passing before the writer’s eye, but may be the vivid present which represents the past. The children cried for food, and their mothers had none to give them. They were like wounded men at their last gasp, and breathed out their life as they clung in their despair to their mothers’ breasts.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14. serve themselves--**(Jr 27:7; 30:8; 34:10). Avail themselves of their services as slaves. **them also--**the Chaldees, who heretofore have made other nations their slaves, shall themselves also in their turn be slaves to them. Maurer translates, "shall impose servitude on them, even them." **recompense them--**namely, the Chaldees and other nations against whom Jeremiah had prophesied (J...
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What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is great like the sea: who can heal thee?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>What thing shall I take to witness for thee?</strong> (מָה אֲעִידֵךְ, mah a'idekh)—The prophet searches for historical precedent or comparison to comfort Jerusalem but finds none. <strong>Thy breach is great like the sea</strong> (כִּי־גָדוֹל כַּיָּם שִׁבְרֵךְ, ki-gadol kayam shivrekh)—'breach' (shever) means a fracture beyond repair. The sea metaphor suggests immeasurable, unfathomable de...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **What thing shall I take to witness . . .**—Practically the question is the same as that which follows, and implies that there was no parallel to the sufferings of Zion in the history of the past. Had there been, and had it been surmounted, it might have been cited in evidence, and some consolation might have been derived from it. As it was there was no such parallel, no such witness. Her “b...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15. wine cup--**Compare Jr 13:12, 13, as to this image, to express stupefying judgments; also Jr 49:12; 51:7. Jeremiah often embodies the imagery of Isaiah in his prophecies (La 4:21; Is 51:17-22; Re 16:19; 18:6). The wine cup was not literally given by Jeremiah to the representatives of the different nations; but only in symbolical vision.

Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity ; but have seen for thee false burdens and causes of banishment.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse exposes false prophecy's devastating role: "Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee" (<em>neviyaikh chazu-lakh shav vetafel</em>). The word <em>shav</em> (שָׁוְא) means vain, empty, false—the same term used in the Third Commandment against taking God's name in vain (Exodus 20:7). <em>Tafel</em> (תָּפֵל) means tasteless, unsalted, foolish. These prophets offered spiritual...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things.**—The words are eminently characteristic of Jeremiah, whose whole life had been spent in conflict with the false prophets (Jeremiah 2:8; Jeremiah 5:13; Jeremiah 6:13; Jeremiah 8:10; Jeremiah 14:14; Jeremiah 28:9, and elsewhere), who spoke smooth things, and prophesied deceit. They did not call men to repent of their iniquity. **False burdens.*...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**16. be moved--**reel (Na 3:11).

All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth? by: Heb. by the way

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KJV Study Commentary

Jerusalem's humiliation becomes public spectacle: "All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem" (<em>safqu aleikh kapayim kol-ovrei derek sharqu vayani'u rosham</em>). Clapping hands, hissing, and head-wagging were ancient gestures of contempt and mockery (Job 27:23, Psalm 44:14, Nahum 3:19). What was once admired is now scorned. The mocker...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **All that pass by.**—The triumphant exultation of the enemies of Zion came to add bitterness to her sorrows. They reminded her of what she had been in the past, and contrasted it with her present desolation. **The perfection of beauty . . .**—Like phrases are used of Zion in Psalm 48:2; Psalm 50:2; of Tyre in Ezekiel 27:3. Now that beauty was turned into squalor and desolation.

All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.

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KJV Study Commentary

Enemies mock openly: "All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee" (<em>patsu aleikh pihem kol-oyevaikh</em>). The phrase "opened their mouth" (<em>patsu pihem</em>) describes wide-mouthed derision and taunting (Job 16:10, Psalm 22:13, 35:21). "They hiss and gnash the teeth" (<em>sharku vayachreku-shen</em>)—hissing expresses contempt (Job 27:23, Jeremiah 19:8), gnashing teeth shows rag...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **All thine enemies.**—The exultation of the enemies is expressed by every feature in the physiognomy of malignant hate, the wide mouth, the hissing, the gnashing of the teeth. They exult, as in half-broken utterances, in the thought that they have brought about the misery at which they mock. It is what they had long looked for; they had at last seen it.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18. Jerusalem--**put first: for "judgment begins at the house of God"; they being most guilty whose religious privileges are greatest (1Pe 4:17). **kings--**Jehoiakim, Jeconiah, and Zedekiah. **as it is this day--**The accomplishment of the curse had already begun under Jehoiakim. This clause, however, may have been inserted by Jeremiah at his final revision of his prophecies in Egypt.

The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries.

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KJV Study Commentary

A sobering theological statement: "The LORD hath done that which he had devised" (<em>asah YHWH asher zamam</em>, עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר זָמָם). The verb <em>zamam</em> (זָמַם) means to plan, purpose, devise. This wasn't divine reaction to unexpected circumstances but execution of predetermined judgment. God's warnings weren't empty threats but promises of certain consequences for persistent covenan...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **The Lord hath done . . .**—The writer points, in opposition to the boasts of the enemies, to the true author of the misery of the people. In that thought, terrible as it might at first seem, there was an element of hope. It was better to fall into the hands of God than into those of men (2Samuel 24:14). The suffering came as a chastisement for past transgressions, and might therefore be mit...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**19. Pharaoh--**put next after Jerusalem, because the Jews had relied most on him, and Egypt and Judea stood on a common footing (Jr 46:2, 25).

Their heart cried unto the Lord, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease.

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KJV Study Commentary

Call to lament: "Their heart cried unto the Lord, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night" (<em>tsa'ak libam el-Adonai chomot bat-Tsiyon horidi kha-nachal dim'ah yomam va-laylah</em>). The personified walls are called to weep—as if even inanimate stones should mourn. "Give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease" (<em>al-titeni fugat lakh al-tido...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Their heart.**—The possessive pronoun does not refer to any immediate antecedent, but points, with a wild abruptness, to the mourners of Zion. Yet more boldly their cry is an appeal to the “wall” of Zion (comp. Lamentations 2:8, and Isaiah 14:31), to take up its lamentation, as though it were a human mourner. **Like a river.**—Better, *like a torrent.* **The apple of thine eye.—**Literally,...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. mingled people--**mercenary foreign troops serving under Pharaoh-hophra in the time of Jeremiah. The employment of these foreigners provoked the native Egyptians to overthrow him. Psammetichus, father of Pharaoh-necho, also had given a settlement in Egypt to Ionian and Carian adventurers [Herodotus, 2.152, 154]. (Compare Jr 50:37; see on Is 19:2, 3; Is 20:1; Eze 30:5. The term is first found...
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Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the Lord: lift up thy hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for hunger in the top of every street.

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KJV Study Commentary

Urgent nighttime prayer: "Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the Lord" (<em>kumi ronni va-laylah le-rosh ashmurot shiphkhi kha-mayim libeikh nokach penei Adonai</em>). "Arise" (<em>kumi</em>) demands action—don't remain passive. "Cry out in the night" (<em>ronni va-laylah</em>)—nighttime prayer demonstrates urgency and de...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **In the beginning of the watches**—*i.e.,* of each watch, so that the lamentation was continued throughout the night. **Lift up thy hands.**—The wall is still addressed in its character as a mourner, beholding the children dying of hunger and lifting up her hands as in despairing supplication for them.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. Edom ... Moab ... Ammon--**joined together, as being related to Israel (see Jr 48:1-49:39).

Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? of a span: or, swaddled with their hands?

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KJV Study Commentary

A stunning challenge to God: "Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long?" (<em>re'eh YHWH ve-habitah le-mi olalta koh to'khalnah nashim piryam olelei tifukhim</em>). The question "to whom thou hast done this" (<em>le-mi olalta koh</em>) emphasizes that this is God's own covenant people, not pagans. "Women eat their fruit"...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **To whom thou hast done this**—*i.e.,* not to a heathen nation, but to the people whom Jehovah Himself had chosen. **Shall the women eat their fruit.**—Atrocities of this nature had been predicted in Leviticus 26:26; Deuteronomy 28:57; Jeremiah 19:9. They were, indeed, the natural incidents of a besieged city reduced to starvation, as in the case of Samaria (2Kings 6:28), and the siege of Je...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22. all the kings of Tyrus--**the petty kings of the various dependencies of Tyre. **isles--**a term including all maritime regions (Psa 72:10).

The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied.

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KJV Study Commentary

Universal death: "The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets" (<em>shakhvu la-arets khutsot na'ar ve-zaken</em>). Both extremes of age—<em>na'ar</em> (youth) and <em>zaken</em> (elderly)—lie dead in streets. "My virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword" (<em>betulotai uvachuruhai naflu ve-charev</em>). Virgins and young men represent the nation's future and strength; their deat...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **The young and the old . . .**—The thoughts of the mourner turn from the massacre in the sanctuary to the slaughter which did its dread work in every corner of the city.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**23. Dedan--**north of Arabia (Ge 25:3, 4). **Tema ... Buz--**neighboring tribes north of Arabia (Job 32:2). **all ... in ... utmost corners--**rather, "having the hair cut in angles," a heathenish custom (see on Jr 9:26).

Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the LORD'S anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed.

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KJV Study Commentary

Terror on every side: "Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about" (<em>tikra ke-yom mo'ed megurai mi-saviv</em>). The phrase "as in a solemn day" (<em>ke-yom mo'ed</em>) draws bitter irony—<em>mo'ed</em> refers to appointed feasts when people gathered joyfully. But God has appointed a day of terrors (<em>megurai</em>) instead. "So that in the day of the LORD'S anger none escaped n...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **Thou hast called . . .**—Better, *Thou hast summoned, as for a solemn feast-day. *(Comp. Lamentations 1:15.) In “terrors round about” we have a characteristic phrase of Jeremiah’s (Jeremiah 6:25; Jeremiah 20:3; Jeremiah 20:10). The LXX., followed by some commentators, gives the rendering, “*Thou hast summoned *. . . *my villages,” *but on no sufficient grounds. Ellicott's Commentary for Eng...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**24. mingled people--**not in the same sense as in Jr 25:20; the "motley crowd," so called in contempt (compare Jr 49:28, 31; 50:37). By a different pointing it may be translated the "Arabs"; but the repetition of the name is not likely. Blaney thinks there were two divisions of what we call Arabia, the west (Araba) and the east. The west included Arabia-Petræa and the parts on the sea bordering ...
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