About Joshua

Joshua records the conquest and division of the Promised Land, demonstrating God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Abraham.

Author: JoshuaWritten: c. 1400-1370 BCReading time: ~1 minVerses: 9
ConquestFaithfulnessObedienceInheritanceLeadershipCovenant

King James Version

Joshua 20

9 verses with commentary

Cities of Refuge

The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying, Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by Moses: That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood.</strong><br><br>The cities of refuge fulfill legislation from Numbers 35:9-34 and Deuteronomy 19:...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Bible Hub

Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses:

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KJV Study Commentary

God commands Israel to establish cities of refuge, fulfilling instructions given through Moses (Numbers 35:6-34; Deuteronomy 19:1-13). The phrase 'Appoint out for you' (<em>tenu lakhem</em>, תְּנוּ לָכֶם) makes this a corporate responsibility—the entire nation must designate these cities. The term 'cities of refuge' (<em>arei miklat</em>, עָרֵי מִקְלָט) uses <em>miklat</em> from the root meaning t...
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That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse specifies the cities' purpose: protecting unintentional manslayers from blood vengeance. The phrase 'that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly' (<em>makeh-nefesh bishgagah bivli-daat</em>, מַכֵּה־נֶפֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָה בִּבְלִי־דָעַת) uses two Hebrew terms emphasizing lack of intent—<em>bishgagah</em> (בִּשְׁגָגָה, 'unawares') means inadvertent error, while <em>bivli-daat</em> (בִּבְ...
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And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>When he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders</strong>—The cities of refuge protocol: the fugitive must <strong>declare his cause</strong> (<em>diber</em>, דִּבֶּר, 'speak/explain thoroughly'). The elders evaluate whether the killing was accidental. <strong>They shall take him into ...
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And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unwittingly , and hated him not beforetime .

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unwittingly</strong>—The <em>go'el ha-dam</em> (גֹּאֵל הַדָּם, 'avenger of blood') was the victim's nearest kinsman, obligated to exact justice. But cities of refuge protect those who killed <strong>unwittingly</strong> (<em>bishgagah</em>, בִּשְׁגָגָה, 'in ...
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And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days: then shall the slayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he fled.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days</strong>—Two conditions for freedom: (1) trial before the congregation validates asylum; (2) the high priest's death releases the manslayer. <strong>Then shall the slayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house</strong>....
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And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah. appointed: Heb. sanctified

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjath-arba, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah</strong>—The three western cities of refuge: Kedesh (north), Shechem (central), Hebron (south). This ensures geographic accessibility—no Israelite lived far from refuge. Kedesh means 'holy,' Shechem 'shoulder/strength,' Hebron 'fellowship.'<br><b...
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And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh</strong>—Three Transjordan cities balance the western three. Bezer means 'fortress/gold ore,' Ramoth 'heights,' Golan 'their rejoicing.' Together, six cities ensure n...
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These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them</strong>—Refuge extends beyond ethnic Israel to <strong>the stranger</strong> (<em>ger</em>, גֵּר, 'sojourner/resident alien'). This inclusiveness foreshadows the gospel's universal offer. <strong>That whosoever killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by th...
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