King James Version

What Does Romans 9:13 Mean?

Romans 9:13 in the King James Version says “As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. — study this verse from Romans chapter 9 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.

Romans 9:13 · KJV


Context

11

(For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)

12

It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. elder: or, greater elder: or, greater younger: or, lesser

13

As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.

14

What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid .

15

For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated—Paul quotes Malachi 1:2-3, using the prophetic perfect to describe God's eternal disposition. The Greek ēgapēsa...emisēsa (ἠγάπησα...ἐμίσησα) renders Hebrew ahav...sane (אָהַב...שָׂנֵא). This isn't emotional hatred but covenantal choice—God set his hesed love on Jacob, withholding it from Esau. The contrast is electing love vs. non-election, not love vs. malice.

The Malachi context addresses nations (Israel/Edom) 400+ years after the patriarchs, proving God's choice had historical consequences. Yet the oracle 'before birth' (v. 11) establishes that God's love didn't arise from Jacob's attractiveness or Esau's repulsiveness. Election is God loving whom he chooses to love. 'Hatred' here means passing over in election, leaving in just condemnation. None deserve love; that some receive it magnifies grace. That others don't receive what none deserve demonstrates justice.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Malachi prophesied circa 430 BC against Edom's gloating over Jerusalem's fall (Obadiah, Malachi 1:2-5). Esau's descendants embodied enmity toward God's people. Paul uses this to show election's permanence: God's choice endures across centuries and determines ultimate destinies.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does understanding 'hatred' as covenantal non-election rather than emotional malice help interpret this verse?
  2. Why is it grace that anyone receives electing love, not injustice that some don't?
  3. How does God's love for Jacob 'before he had done good or evil' ensure our assurance isn't based on performance?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 9 words
καθὼς1 of 9

As

G2531

just (or inasmuch) as, that

γέγραπται2 of 9

it is written

G1125

to "grave", especially to write; figuratively, to describe

Τὸν3 of 9
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

Ἰακὼβ4 of 9

Jacob

G2384

jacob (i.e., ja`akob), the progenitor of the israelites

ἠγάπησα5 of 9

have I loved

G25

to love (in a social or moral sense)

τὸν6 of 9
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

δὲ7 of 9

but

G1161

but, and, etc

Ἠσαῦ8 of 9

Esau

G2269

esau, an edomite

ἐμίσησα9 of 9

have I hated

G3404

to detest (especially to persecute); by extension, to love less


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Romans. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Romans 9:13 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Romans 9:13 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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