King James Version

What Does Romans 9:15 Mean?

Romans 9:15 in the King James Version says “For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compa... — study this verse from Romans chapter 9 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.

Romans 9:15 · KJV


Context

13

As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.

14

What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid .

15

For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.

16

So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.

17

For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion—Paul quotes Exodus 33:19, where God proclaims his name/character to Moses. The double assertion (eleēsō...oiktirō, ἐλεήσω...οἰκτιρῶ) emphasizes sovereign freedom in dispensing mercy. The Hebrew behind 'I will have mercy' is chanan (חָנַן), 'to be gracious'; behind 'compassion' is racham (רָחַם), 'to show tender mercy.'

The structure 'on whom I will...on whom I will' underscores divine prerogative. Mercy is by definition undeserved; therefore God owes it to none. He dispenses it according to his own good pleasure. If mercy were based on foreseen merit or faith, it would cease to be mercy (eleos, ἔλεος) and become reward. God's freedom in mercy doesn't make him arbitrary; it makes him gracious. The wonder is not that he doesn't show mercy to all, but that he shows it to any.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Exodus 33 follows the golden calf apostasy. Israel deserved destruction; God showed mercy. Moses asked to see God's glory (33:18), and God revealed his gracious character—proclaiming mercy even to rebellious Israel. This became the paradigmatic revelation of God's sovereign grace in the OT.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does God's freedom to show mercy preserve the very definition of mercy?
  2. Why would mercy based on foreseen faith cease to be mercy?
  3. How does Exodus 33:19's context (golden calf judgment) illuminate God's mercy after deserved wrath?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 13 words
τῷ1 of 13
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

γὰρ2 of 13

For

G1063

properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)

Μωσῇ3 of 13

to Moses

G3475

moseus, moses, or mouses (i.e., mosheh), the hebrew lawgiver

λέγει4 of 13

he saith

G3004

properly, to "lay" forth, i.e., (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas g2036 and g5346 generally refer to an

ἐλεῶ5 of 13

I will have mercy

G1653

to compassionate (by word or deed, specially, by divine grace)

ὃν6 of 13

on whom

G3739

the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that

ἂν7 of 13
G302

whatsoever

ἐλεῶ8 of 13

I will have mercy

G1653

to compassionate (by word or deed, specially, by divine grace)

καὶ9 of 13

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

οἰκτείρω10 of 13

I will have compassion

G3627

to exercise pity

ὃν11 of 13

on whom

G3739

the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that

ἂν12 of 13
G302

whatsoever

οἰκτείρω13 of 13

I will have compassion

G3627

to exercise pity


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Romans. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Romans 9:15 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Romans 9:15 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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