King James Version

What Does Matthew 12:2 Mean?

Matthew 12:2 in the King James Version says “But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabb... — study this verse from Matthew chapter 12 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day.

Matthew 12:2 · KJV


Context

1

At that time Jesus went on the sabbath day through the corn; and his disciples were an hungred, and began to pluck the ears of corn, and to eat.

2

But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day.

3

But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he was an hungred, and they that were with him;

4

How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the shewbread , which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests?


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Pharisees accuse: 'Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day' (ιδου οι μαθηται σου ποιουσιν ο ουκ εξεστιν ποιειν εν σαββατω). They charge Jesus with tolerating Sabbath violation. 'Not lawful' (ουκ εξεστιν) refers to their tradition, not Torah. Mosaic law didn't prohibit what the disciples did; Pharisaic tradition did. This reveals legalism's method: elevate human tradition to divine status (Mark 7:8-9), then condemn those violating it. The accusation targets Jesus' leadership—He permits unlawful behavior. Jesus will respond by appealing to Scripture itself (12:3-8), showing Pharisees violate Scripture's spirit while obsessing over traditional details.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Pharisees held significant religious authority in first-century Judaism. Their interpretations, though not binding like Scripture, carried community weight. Violating Pharisaic tradition brought social and religious consequences: exclusion from synagogue, loss of status, ostracism. Jesus' persistent defiance of their traditions while upholding Scripture challenged their authority structure. This conflict would escalate to crucifixion. Early church faced similar pressure: Judaizers insisted Gentile Christians adopt Jewish traditions (Acts 15). Paul fought this legalism vigorously (Galatians).

Reflection Questions

  1. How do we distinguish between God's commands and human traditions?
  2. What dangers arise when religious traditions gain authority equal to Scripture?
  3. How should we respond to accusations of breaking rules that aren't actually biblical?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 17 words
οἱ1 of 17
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

δὲ2 of 17

But

G1161

but, and, etc

Φαρισαῖοι3 of 17

when the Pharisees

G5330

a separatist, i.e., exclusively religious; a pharisean, i.e., jewish sectary

ἰδόντες4 of 17

saw

G1492

used only in certain past tenses, the others being borrowed from the equivalent g3700 and g3708; properly, to see (literally or figuratively); by impl

εἶπον5 of 17

it they said

G2036

to speak or say (by word or writing)

αὐτῷ6 of 17

unto him

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

Ἰδού,7 of 17

Behold

G2400

used as imperative lo!

οἱ8 of 17
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

μαθηταί9 of 17

disciples

G3101

a learner, i.e., pupil

σου10 of 17

thy

G4675

of thee, thy

ποιεῖν11 of 17

do

G4160

to make or do (in a very wide application, more or less direct)

12 of 17

that which

G3739

the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that

οὐκ13 of 17

not

G3756

the absolute negative (compare g3361) adverb; no or not

ἔξεστιν14 of 17

is

G1832

so also ???? <pronunciation strongs="ex-on'"/> neuter present participle of the same (with or without some form of g1510 expressed); impersonally, it

ποιεῖν15 of 17

do

G4160

to make or do (in a very wide application, more or less direct)

ἐν16 of 17

upon

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

σαββάτῳ17 of 17

the sabbath day

G4521

the sabbath (i.e., shabbath), or day of weekly repose from secular avocations (also the observance or institution itself); by extension, a se'nnight,


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Matthew. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Matthew 12:2 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Matthew 12:2 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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