King James Version

What Does Judges 21:3 Mean?

Judges 21:3 in the King James Version says “And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Isr... — study this verse from Judges chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel?

Judges 21:3 · KJV


Context

1

Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.

2

And the people came to the house of God , and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore;

3

And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel?

4

And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.

5

And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the LORD? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the LORD to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel? The question "why is this come to pass" (lamah haytah zot, לָמָּה הָיְתָה זֹּאת) reveals Israel's confusion at finding themselves responsible for nearly exterminating a brother tribe. The phrase "one tribe lacking" (shevet echad, שֵׁבֶט אֶחָד) emphasizes the threat to Israel's tribal structure—God had promised Jacob twelve sons would become twelve tribes, yet now Benjamin faced extinction with only 600 surviving men.

The tragic irony is palpable: Israel asks God why this happened, yet they themselves caused it through excessive vengeance (600,000 men against one tribe) and a rash oath. Their question reveals a failure to recognize their own agency and responsibility. From a Reformed perspective, this demonstrates human tendency to blame circumstances or even God for consequences of our own sinful choices. Israel pursued justice against Benjamin's sin but did so with disproportionate force and without wisdom, then wondered how the disaster occurred. The theological point echoes throughout Scripture: God allows us to experience consequences of foolish decisions (Galatians 6:7-8). Their lament shows they valued tribal unity but had acted in ways that destroyed it, illustrating the disconnect between stated values and actual behavior when passion overrules wisdom.

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Historical & Cultural Context

The lament occurs at Bethel ("house of God," verse 2), where the ark resided during this early Judges period. Israel's concern for maintaining twelve tribes reflects the foundational promise to Jacob that his twelve sons would become a great nation (Genesis 49). The tribal structure was central to Israel's identity—each tribe had territorial inheritance, representatives in the assembly, and role in national life.

Benjamin's near-extinction was particularly tragic because this was Rachel's son, Joseph's full brother, and the tribe from which Israel's first king (Saul) would come. The tribe occupied strategic territory between Judah and Ephraim, including Jericho, Bethel, and later Jerusalem's northern border. Losing Benjamin would create geographic and political problems beyond mere numerical reduction. Yet Israel's lament rings hollow given their own role in creating the crisis: they prosecuted the war with overwhelming force (600,000 against one tribe), killed 25,100 Benjamites, destroyed all Benjamite cities (20:48), and made an oath preventing reconciliation. Their question to God amounts to asking why they did what they themselves chose to do—a failure to accept responsibility that characterizes the entire Judges period's moral decline.

Reflection Questions

  1. When have you found yourself asking God why something happened that resulted from your own unwise choices?
  2. How does Israel's lament reveal the human tendency to value something (tribal unity) while acting in ways that destroy it?
  3. What does this verse teach about accepting responsibility for consequences rather than treating them as mysterious divine judgments?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 13 words
וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ1 of 13

And said

H559

to say (used with great latitude)

לָמָ֗ה2 of 13
H4100

properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and

יְהוָה֙3 of 13

O LORD

H3068

(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god

אֱלֹהֵ֣י4 of 13

God

H430

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of

מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל5 of 13

in Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

הָ֥יְתָה6 of 13
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

זֹ֖את7 of 13
H2063

this (often used adverb)

מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל8 of 13

in Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

לְהִפָּקֵ֥ד9 of 13

lacking

H6485

to visit (with friendly or hostile intent); by analogy, to oversee, muster, charge, care for, miss, deposit, etc

הַיּ֛וֹם10 of 13

that there should be to day

H3117

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an asso

מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל11 of 13

in Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

שֵׁ֥בֶט12 of 13

tribe

H7626

a scion, i.e., (literally) a stick (for punishing, writing, fighting, ruling, walking, etc.) or (figuratively) a clan

אֶחָֽד׃13 of 13

one

H259

properly, united, i.e., one; or (as an ordinal) first


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Judges. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Judges 21:3 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Judges 21:3 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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