King James Version

What Does Jonah 3:9 Mean?

Jonah 3:9 in the King James Version says “Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? — study this verse from Jonah chapter 3 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not?

Jonah 3:9 · KJV


Context

7

And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: published: Heb. said nobles: Heb. great men

8

But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.

9

Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not?

10

And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil, that he had said that he would do unto them; and he did it not.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? The king's decree concludes with humble uncertainty and desperate hope. The Hebrew mi-yodea yashuv venicham ha'Elohim veshav meḥaron appo velo noveid (מִי־יוֹדֵעַ יָשׁוּב וְנִחַם הָאֱלֹהִים וְשָׁב מֵחֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ וְלֹא נֹאבֵד) expresses theology that balances God's justice with hope in His mercy.

"Who can tell" (mi-yodea) literally means "Who knows?"—acknowledging human inability to presume upon divine response. The king doesn't claim certainty that repentance guarantees deliverance, only hope that it might. This contrasts with presumptuous faith that treats God's grace as automatic or manipulable. True faith hopes in God's mercy while acknowledging His sovereign freedom.

"If God will turn and repent" (yashuv venicham ha'Elohim) uses the same verb shuv (turn) applied to Nineveh's repentance (3:8), plus nacham (נָחַם, relent/have compassion). The king hopes God will 'turn' from announced judgment as they 'turn' from evil—responsive rather than arbitrary change. God's 'repenting' doesn't indicate fickleness but consistent character responding to changing human conditions (Jeremiah 18:7-8).

"Turn away from his fierce anger" (veshav meḥaron appo) acknowledges the severity of deserved judgment. The phrase "fierce anger" (ḥaron aph, חֲרוֹן אַף) literally means "burning of nose/nostril"—vivid Hebrew idiom for intense wrath. The king rightly recognizes that Nineveh deserves destruction and that only divine mercy can avert it. This theology parallels Joel 2:13-14: "rend your heart, and not your garments, and turn unto the LORD your God... who knoweth if he will return and repent?"

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Historical & Cultural Context

The phrase 'Who can tell?' or 'Who knows?' appears in other contexts where people hope for divine mercy without presuming upon it (2 Samuel 12:22, Joel 2:14, Zephaniah 2:3). This reflects proper fear of God—acknowledging His justice while hoping in His mercy. Ancient Near Eastern religion typically involved bargaining with gods through sacrifices and rituals, assuming divine favor could be purchased. The king's humble uncertainty contrasts with pagan manipulation of deity. He appeals to God's character, not human merit. This anticipates New Testament grace theology—we're saved by God's mercy, not human worthiness (Ephesians 2:8-9, Titus 3:5).

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the king's uncertainty ('Who can tell?') model appropriate humility before God's sovereignty?
  2. What does 'fierce anger' reveal about the seriousness of sin and the justice of divine wrath?
  3. How should believers balance confidence in God's promises with humble recognition of unworthiness?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 10 words
מִֽי1 of 10
H4310

who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix

יוֹדֵ֣עַ2 of 10

Who can tell

H3045

to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including o

וְשָׁ֛ב3 of 10

and turn away

H7725

to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point);

וְנִחַ֖ם4 of 10

and repent

H5162

properly, to sigh, i.e., breathe strongly; by implication, to be sorry, i.e., (in a favorable sense) to pity, console or (reflexively) rue; or (unfavo

הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים5 of 10

if God

H430

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of

וְשָׁ֛ב6 of 10

and turn away

H7725

to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point);

מֵחֲר֥וֹן7 of 10

from his fierce

H2740

a burning of anger

אַפּ֖וֹ8 of 10

anger

H639

properly, the nose or nostril; hence, the face, and occasionally a person; also (from the rapid breathing in passion) ire

וְלֹ֥א9 of 10
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

נֹאבֵֽד׃10 of 10

that we perish

H6

properly, to wander away, i.e., lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Jonah. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Jonah 3:9 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Jonah 3:9 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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