King James Version

What Does 1 Chronicles 21:1 Mean?

1 Chronicles 21:1 in the King James Version says “And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel. — study this verse from 1 Chronicles chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel.

1 Chronicles 21:1 · KJV


Context

1

And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel.

2

And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me, that I may know it.

3

And Joab answered, The LORD make his people an hundred times so many more as they be: but, my lord the king, are they not all my lord's servants? why then doth my lord require this thing? why will he be a cause of trespass to Israel?


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
The statement 'Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel' introduces Satan explicitly in a historical narrative (compare 2 Samuel 24:1 which says 'the LORD moved David'). Both accounts are true: Satan acted as agent of temptation while God permitted/used this for His purposes. This illustrates the mysterious relationship between divine sovereignty and satanic/human agency. The census itself represented either pride in military strength or distrust of God's promise to multiply Abraham's seed. Reformed theology sees here the doctrine that God can use even Satan's evil intentions to accomplish His purposes (cf. Job 1-2), while holding humans accountable for sin.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Numbering the people violated God's command (Exodus 30:12) requiring atonement money to prevent plague. David's census (c. 975 BCE) likely aimed at military conscription or taxation, representing the very evils Samuel warned against monarchy (1 Samuel 8:11-18).

Reflection Questions

  1. How do you reconcile God's sovereignty with satanic temptation and human responsibility for sin?
  2. In what ways might you be tempted to trust in human resources (numbers, wealth, power) rather than God's promises?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 10 words
וַיַּֽעֲמֹ֥ד1 of 10

stood up

H5975

to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)

שָׂטָ֖ן2 of 10

And Satan

H7854

an opponent; especially (with the article prefixed) satan, the arch-enemy of good

עַל3 of 10
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃4 of 10

Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

וַיָּ֙סֶת֙5 of 10

and provoked

H5496

properly, to prick, i.e., (figuratively) stimulate; by implication, to seduce

אֶת6 of 10
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

דָּוִ֔יד7 of 10

David

H1732

david, the youngest son of jesse

לִמְנ֖וֹת8 of 10

to number

H4487

properly, to weigh out; by implication, to allot or constitute officially; also to enumerate or enroll

אֶת9 of 10
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃10 of 10

Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of 1 Chronicles. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

1 Chronicles 21:1 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to 1 Chronicles 21:1 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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