King James Version

What Does Luke 12:15 Mean?

Luke 12:15 in the King James Version says “And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the th... — study this verse from Luke chapter 12 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

Luke 12:15 · KJV


Context

13

And one of the company said unto him, Master, speak to my brother, that he divide the inheritance with me.

14

And he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you?

15

And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

16

And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully:

17

And he thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits?


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth. This verse introduces Jesus' warning against materialism and the parable of the rich fool (verses 16-21). The double imperative "Take heed, and beware" (horate kai phylassesthe, ὁρᾶτε καὶ φυλάσσεσθε) emphasizes urgent vigilance. Horaō (ὁράω, "take heed") means to see, perceive, or watch carefully. Phylassō (φυλάσσω, "beware") means to guard, protect, or be on guard against. The repetition indicates serious danger requiring constant watchfulness.

The object of vigilance is "covetousness" (pleonexias, πλεονεξίας), from pleonexia (πλεονεξία) meaning greed, avarice, or literally "having more." It combines pleon (more) and echō (to have)—the insatiable desire to acquire and accumulate. This vice appears repeatedly in vice lists throughout the New Testament (Romans 1:29, Ephesians 5:3, Colossians 3:5, where Paul calls it idolatry). Covetousness is fundamentally idolatrous because it places ultimate trust and hope in possessions rather than God.

The explanatory clause, "for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth" (hoti ouk en tō perisseuein tini hē zōē autou estin ek tōn hyparchontōn autō, ὅτι οὐκ ἐν τῷ περισσεύειν τινι ἡ ζωή αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ), makes the profound philosophical and theological claim that life's essence and quality are independent of material abundance. The noun zōē (ζωή) means life in its fullest sense—not merely biological existence but meaningful, flourishing, abundant life. The verb perisseuein (περισσεύειν, "abundance") means to exceed, overflow, or have surplus. Jesus declares that surplus possessions do not create or enhance true life.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This teaching occurred in response to a man requesting Jesus to arbitrate an inheritance dispute with his brother (Luke 12:13). Jesus refused to serve as civil judge but used the request as opportunity to address underlying spiritual issues—greed and misplaced priorities. First-century Jewish culture, like most agricultural societies, was concerned with inheritance and property. Land was primary wealth, and its division among heirs was crucial for family survival and status.

The economic context of Roman Palestine featured stark inequality. A small elite controlled most wealth and land, while the majority lived as peasant farmers, day laborers, or craftsmen with little economic security. In such contexts, inheritance disputes were intense and common, often tearing families apart. Jesus' refusal to arbitrate the dispute and His warning against covetousness challenged both the wealthy (who accumulated excessively) and the poor (who envied and coveted).

Jewish teaching condemned covetousness. The Tenth Commandment explicitly prohibits coveting a neighbor's possessions (Exodus 20:17). Proverbs repeatedly warns against greed and declares that "Better is little with the fear of the LORD than great treasure and trouble therewith" (Proverbs 15:16). However, first-century culture also viewed wealth as divine blessing and poverty as curse (based on Deuteronomy 28-30), creating theological tension. Jesus consistently challenged the equation of wealth with blessing, teaching that spiritual poverty can accompany material wealth (Revelation 3:17) and spiritual riches can accompany material poverty (James 2:5).

Reflection Questions

  1. Why does Jesus emphasize vigilance ('take heed and beware') specifically regarding covetousness rather than other sins?
  2. How does the equation of covetousness with idolatry (Colossians 3:5) illuminate this warning's seriousness?
  3. In what ways does contemporary consumer culture make covetousness seem normal or even virtuous rather than sinful?
  4. What is the difference between wise stewardship and prudent saving versus the covetous accumulation Jesus warns against?
  5. How can believers cultivate contentment and resist covetousness while still working diligently and planning responsibly?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 24 words
εἶπεν1 of 24

he said

G2036

to speak or say (by word or writing)

δὲ2 of 24

And

G1161

but, and, etc

πρὸς3 of 24

unto

G4314

a preposition of direction; forward to, i.e., toward (with the genitive case, the side of, i.e., pertaining to; with the dative case, by the side of,

αὐτοῦ4 of 24

the things which he

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

Ὁρᾶτε5 of 24

Take heed

G3708

by extension, to attend to; by hebraism, to experience; passively, to appear

καὶ6 of 24

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

φυλάσσεσθε7 of 24

beware

G5442

to watch, i.e., be on guard (literally of figuratively); by implication, to preserve, obey, avoid

ἀπὸ8 of 24

of

G575

"off," i.e., away (from something near), in various senses (of place, time, or relation; literal or figurative)

τῆς9 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

πλεονεξίας10 of 24

covetousness

G4124

avarice, i.e., (by implication) fraudulency, extortion

ὅτι11 of 24

for

G3754

demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because

οὐκ12 of 24

not

G3756

the absolute negative (compare g3361) adverb; no or not

ἐν13 of 24

in

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

τῷ14 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

περισσεύειν15 of 24

the abundance

G4052

to superabound (in quantity or quality), be in excess, be superfluous; also (transitively) to cause to superabound or excel

τινὶ16 of 24

a man's

G5100

some or any person or object

17 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ζωὴ18 of 24

life

G2222

life (literally or figuratively)

αὐτοῦ19 of 24

the things which he

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

ἐστιν20 of 24

consisteth

G2076

he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are

ἐκ21 of 24

of

G1537

a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct

τῶν22 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ὑπαρχόντων23 of 24

possesseth

G5224

things extant or in hand, i.e., property or possessions

αὐτοῦ24 of 24

the things which he

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Luke. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Luke 12:15 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Luke 12:15 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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