King James Version

What Does Exodus 7:13 Mean?

Exodus 7:13 in the King James Version says “And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. — study this verse from Exodus chapter 7 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.

Exodus 7:13 · KJV


Context

11

Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.

12

For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods.

13

And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.

14

And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh's heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.

15

Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river's brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
He hardened Pharaoh's heart (וַיֶּחֱזַק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה, vayekhezaq lev-par'oh)—the verb חָזַק (khazaq) means to strengthen, harden, or make obstinate. This is the first of three Hebrew verbs describing Pharaoh's hardening (also קָשָׁה qashah and כָּבֵד kaved), revealing both divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

The text oscillates between God hardening Pharaoh's heart and Pharaoh hardening his own heart (Exodus 8:15, 32), presenting the mystery of divine judgment working through human rebellion. Paul references this in Romans 9:17-18 to demonstrate God's sovereign right to show mercy or judgment. As the LORD had said confirms God's foreknowledge (Exodus 4:21; 7:3) and His control over history's outcome.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Written by Moses around 1446 BC, recording events from Egypt's New Kingdom period. Pharaoh's hardened heart represents Egypt's systematic oppression of Israel for 430 years. The plagues demonstrate YHWH's supremacy over Egypt's pantheon—each plague targets specific Egyptian deities.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does God's hardening of Pharaoh's heart relate to human free will and divine sovereignty?
  2. In what ways might persistent sin 'harden' your own heart against God's voice?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 9 words
וַיֶּֽחֱזַק֙1 of 9

And he hardened

H2388

to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong (figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help, repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restra

לֵ֣ב2 of 9

heart

H3820

the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the center of anything

פַּרְעֹ֔ה3 of 9

Pharaoh's

H6547

paroh, a general title of egyptian kings

וְלֹ֥א4 of 9
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

שָׁמַ֖ע5 of 9

that he hearkened

H8085

to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)

אֲלֵהֶ֑ם6 of 9
H413

near, with or among; often in general, to

כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֖ר7 of 9
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

דִּבֶּ֥ר8 of 9

had said

H1696

perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue

יְהוָֽה׃9 of 9

not unto them as the LORD

H3068

(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 7:13 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 7:13 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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