King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 18:3 Mean?

Deuteronomy 18:3 in the King James Version says “And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and the... — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 18 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.

Deuteronomy 18:3 · KJV


Context

1

The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.

2

Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.

3

And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.

4

The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.

5

For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
This shall be the priest's due from the people (וְזֶה יִהְיֶה מִשְׁפַּט הַכֹּהֲנִים מֵאֵת הָעָם)—the word mishpat means ordained right, legal due, not optional generosity. God establishes mandatory provision so priests wouldn't depend on human whims. The specific portions—the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw (hazero'a vehallechayayim vehaqevah)—designated choice meat cuts.

The shoulder (zero'a) symbolizes strength and service; the cheeks (lechayim) the seat of speech and proclamation; the maw (qevah, stomach) the digestive organ. Some rabbinical tradition sees symbolic significance: strength to serve, speech to teach, and sustenance to live. These weren't leftover scraps but quality portions from every sacrifice, ensuring priests shared in the people's worship materially.

Leviticus 7:28-34 provides parallel legislation, adding the breast and right thigh for wave and heave offerings. The cumulative effect: priests received substantial portions from multiple types of sacrifices, making their material support abundant when the people worshiped faithfully. When Israel neglected offerings, priests starved—as happened in Malachi's day (Malachi 3:8-10).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

This legislation governed Israel's sacrificial system from wilderness wanderings through the monarchy until the temple's destruction (586 BC, then AD 70). The detailed anatomy reflects ancient Near Eastern butchering practices. Archaeological evidence from Iron Age Israel shows priestly cities received significant agricultural support. When Israel fell into apostasy, priests often suffered materially (Nehemiah 13:10-11), demonstrating the link between spiritual faithfulness and ministerial provision.

Reflection Questions

  1. How should churches ensure adequate provision for pastors and ministry leaders based on biblical principles?
  2. What does the mandatory (mishpat) nature of priestly support teach about giving being obligation, not just generosity?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
וְזֶ֡ה1 of 18
H2088

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

יִֽהְיֶה֩2 of 18
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

מִשְׁפַּ֨ט3 of 18

due

H4941

properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, ind

לַכֹּהֵ֔ן4 of 18

And this shall be the priest's

H3548

literally one officiating, a priest; also (by courtesy) an acting priest (although a layman)

מֵאֵ֣ת5 of 18
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הָעָ֗ם6 of 18

from the people

H5971

a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock

מֵאֵ֛ת7 of 18
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

זֹֽבְחֵ֥י8 of 18

from them that offer

H2076

to slaughter an animal (usually in sacrifice)

הַזֶּ֖בַח9 of 18

a sacrifice

H2077

properly, a slaughter, i.e., the flesh of an animal; by implication, a sacrifice (the victim or the act)

אִם10 of 18
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

שׁ֣וֹר11 of 18

whether it be ox

H7794

a bullock (as a traveller)

אִם12 of 18
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

שֶׂ֑ה13 of 18

or sheep

H7716

a member of a flock, i.e., a sheep or goat

וְנָתַן֙14 of 18

and they shall give

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

לַכֹּהֵ֔ן15 of 18

And this shall be the priest's

H3548

literally one officiating, a priest; also (by courtesy) an acting priest (although a layman)

הַזְּרֹ֥עַ16 of 18

the shoulder

H2220

the arm (as stretched out), or (of animals) the foreleg; figuratively, force

וְהַלְּחָיַ֖יִם17 of 18

and the two cheeks

H3895

the cheek (from its fleshiness); hence, the jaw-bone

וְהַקֵּבָֽה׃18 of 18

and the maw

H6896

the paunch (as a cavity) or first stomach of ruminants


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 18:3 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Deuteronomy 18:3 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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