King James Version

What Does Judges 1:33 Mean?

Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Bethshemesh, nor the inhabitants of Bethanath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Bethshemesh and of Bethanath became tributaries unto them.

Judges 1:33 · KJV


Context

31

Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob:

32

But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: for they did not drive them out.

33

Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Bethshemesh, nor the inhabitants of Bethanath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Bethshemesh and of Bethanath became tributaries unto them.

34

And the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the mountain: for they would not suffer them to come down to the valley:

35

But the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim: yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became tributaries. prevailed: Heb. was heavy


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth-anath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became tributaries unto them.

Naphtali's situation mirrors Asher's with significant modification. Initially 'Naphtali dwelt among the Canaanites' (like Asher, v. 32), indicating Canaanite dominance. However, 'nevertheless' (vayih'yu lahem lamas, וַיִּהְיוּ לָהֶם לָמַס, 'and they became tributaries to them') shows later reversal—Naphtali eventually gained military-economic dominance, imposing forced labor. This suggests initial weakness followed by growing strength, yet still incomplete obedience (tributaries, not eliminated).

Beth-shemesh ('house of the sun') and Beth-anath ('house of Anat') reveal Canaanite religious character—named after sun worship and Anat (violent Canaanite war goddess). These names indicate strongly religious sites, possibly sanctuary cities. Tolerating such centers maintained Canaanite religious influence even after political-military subjugation. This parallels modern Christians conquering external behavioral sins while tolerating internal thought patterns—gaining external compliance while maintaining contrary beliefs and values.

Naphtali's partial success-partial failure represents mixed obedience—better than Asher's complete capitulation but worse than complete conquest. The tribe later features prominently in Judges (Deborah-Barak, Judges 4-5) and Jesus' Galilean ministry occurred primarily in Naphtali's territory (Matthew 4:13-16). This demonstrates God's redemptive grace—despite incomplete conquest, God used Naphtali significantly in His purposes. Yet one wonders what greater blessing complete obedience would have enabled.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Naphtali's territory in upper Galilee (Joshua 19:32-39) included mountainous terrain and fertile valleys. Beth-shemesh and Beth-anath's locations remain debated, though likely in upper Galilee near Lebanese border. The names' religious significance (sun worship, Anat worship) indicates these were Canaanite cultic centers. Anat was a major Canaanite goddess—violent warrior deity, Baal's consort, featuring prominently in Ugaritic mythology. Beth-anath ('house of Anat') suggests a temple or sanctuary dedicated to her worship.

Archaeological evidence from upper Galilee shows mixed Israelite-Canaanite material culture during Iron Age I. Tel Dan (in Dan's territory, bordering Naphtali) reveals Late Bronze Age Canaanite city with evidence of Israelite occupation beginning Iron Age I. However, Canaanite religious practices continued—Dan later became site of Jeroboam's golden calf (1 Kings 12:28-30). This pattern—Israelite political control coexisting with continued Canaanite religious influence—characterized northern tribes, with devastating consequences.

Naphtali's later prominence suggests partial success in establishing Israelite identity despite incomplete conquest. Barak, Deborah's general who defeated Sisera, was from Kedesh in Naphtali (Judges 4:6). However, the region's religious syncretism persisted—Jesus' Galilean ministry (largely in Naphtali-Zebulun territory) encountered persistent unbelief despite miracles (Matthew 11:20-24). The seeds of syncretism sown during incomplete conquest bore fruit in generations of spiritual confusion.

Reflection Questions

  1. What areas of your Christian life show external compliance but internal resistance—behavior modified but heart unchanged?
  2. How does Naphtali's eventual military dominance without complete elimination illustrate the difference between victory and complete sanctification?
  3. In what ways does God work redemptively through imperfect people while still desiring their complete transformation?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 24 words
נַפְתָּלִ֗י1 of 24

Neither did Naphtali

H5321

naphtali, a son of jacob, with the tribe descended from him, and its territory

לֹֽא2 of 24
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

הוֹרִ֞ישׁ3 of 24

drive out

H3423

to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by implication, to seize, to rob, to inherit; also to expel, to impoverish

אֶת4 of 24
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

וְיֹֽשְׁבֵ֤י5 of 24

but he dwelt

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

בֵֽית6 of 24
H0
שֶׁ֙מֶשׁ֙7 of 24

of Bethshemesh

H1053

beth-shemesh, a place in palestine

וְאֶת8 of 24
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

וְיֹֽשְׁבֵ֤י9 of 24

but he dwelt

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

בֵית10 of 24
H0
עֲנָ֔ת11 of 24

and of Bethanath

H1043

beth-anath, a place in palestine

וְיֹֽשְׁבֵ֤י12 of 24

but he dwelt

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

בְּקֶ֥רֶב13 of 24

among

H7130

properly, the nearest part, i.e., the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition)

הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֖י14 of 24

the Canaanites

H3669

a kenaanite or inhabitant of kenaan; by implication, a pedlar (the canaanites standing for their neighbors the ishmaelites, who conducted mercantile c

וְיֹֽשְׁבֵ֤י15 of 24

but he dwelt

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

הָאָ֑רֶץ16 of 24

of the land

H776

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

וְיֹֽשְׁבֵ֤י17 of 24

but he dwelt

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

בֵֽית18 of 24
H0
שֶׁ֙מֶשׁ֙19 of 24

of Bethshemesh

H1053

beth-shemesh, a place in palestine

וּבֵ֣ית20 of 24
H0
עֲנָ֔ת21 of 24

and of Bethanath

H1043

beth-anath, a place in palestine

הָי֥וּ22 of 24
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

לָהֶ֖ם23 of 24
H0
לָמַֽס׃24 of 24

became tributaries

H4522

properly, a burden (as causing to faint), i.e., a tax in the form of forced labor


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Judges. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Judges 1:33 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Judges 1:33 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Test Your Knowledge

Continue Your Study